Understanding Bone Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of bones is made up of inorganic mineral crystals?

  • 35%
  • 80%
  • 65% (correct)
  • 20%

    • Where are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets produced?

  • Nerves
  • Connective tissue
  • Bone marrow (correct)
  • Cartilage

    • Which type of bone tissue is ivory-like and very dense?

  • Cortical bone (correct)
  • Trabecular bone
  • Spinal vertebrae
  • Pelvis

    • What is deposited onto the protein collagen matrix of bone during bone formation?

    <p>Hydroxyapatite crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects bone health according to the text?

    <p>Genetics, environment, hormones, nutrient intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides flexibility to bones?

    <p>Organic matter (~35%): protein matrix (collagen), nerves, cartilage and connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is trabecular bone mainly found in the body?

    <p>Ends of long bones, spinal vertebrae, pelvis, ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrients are mentioned as important for optimizing bone health?

    <p>Vitamins D &amp; K; minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscles in relation to bones?

    <p>Muscles are attached to bones for structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the protein collagen matrix provide to bones?

    <p>Strength and rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for breaking down bone?

    <p>Osteoclast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme required for the partial breakdown of old bone?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the final step of activating vitamin D in the kidneys when Calcium is needed in the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of blood Calcium concentration?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard measure for bone density?

    <p>DEXA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the T-score indicator of bone density that signifies osteoporosis?

    <p>-2.5 or more negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What delivers dietary vitamin D to the liver?

    <p>Chylomicron remnants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone cell builds bone?

    <p>Osteoblast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects blood Calcium status indirectly?

    <p>Dietary Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes decreased action of osteoclasts, reducing the amount of Calcium leaving the bone and entering into the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for adults over 50?

    <p>400 IU (10 μg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food sources contain phosphorus according to the text?

    <p>Milk products, legumes, nuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of magnesium is found in bones?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average Canadian intake of phosphorus for women and men?

    <p>1200-1500 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily allowance for adults of vitamin D?

    <p>15-20 μg/day (600-800 IU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to soft tissue damage if taken in high doses for prolonged periods?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of magnesium in the body according to the text?

    <p>Essential for bone and teeth health, blood and tissue function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency mentioned in the text?

    <p>Irregular heartbeat, weakness, hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can calcium be found according to the text?

    <p>Milk, fortified beverages, certain vegetables and fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual intake of calcium for adults in Canada according to the text?

    <p>800 mg/day for women and 930 mg/day for men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended daily intake of Calcium according to the text?

    <p>2500 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Calcium supplement has the highest bioavailability?

    <p>Calcium citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural source supplements should be avoided due to potential heavy metal contamination?

    <p>Unrefined oyster shell, dolomite, and coral supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum dose of Calcium per intake according to the text?

    <p>500 mg Calcium/dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate average absorption rate for most calcium supplements according to the text?

    <p>~30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should Calcium carbonate be taken according to the text?

    <p>With food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with exceeding the UL for Calcium intake?

    <p>Soft tissue calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral's absorption is decreased when Calcium intake exceeds the UL?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what percentage does the text approximate the absorption rate for Calcium citrate?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended when taking Calcium and Iron supplements together according to the text?

    <p>Take them at different times of the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is best taken during time of bone and teeth development, and replaces the hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite crystals to create a stronger crystal in bones and teeth?

    <p>Fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin K in bone health?

    <p>Synthesizing osteocalcin for normal bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main food sources of magnesium?

    <p>Green leafy vegetables and tofu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to increased risk of dental caries due to low intake?

    <p>Low fluoride in water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin K in blood clotting?

    <p>It is necessary for proteins in the production of fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive vitamin E intake impair?

    <p>Vitamin K synthesis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is considered non-toxic from food sources but excessive intake can hinder effects of anti-coagulant drugs?

    <p>Fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin K in blood clotting?

    <p>Necessary for proteins in the production of fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is vitamin K stored mostly within the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can low levels of gut bacteria lead to regarding vitamin K synthesis?

    <p>Limited production of vitamin K by gut bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition Concepts & Controversies: Minerals for Bone Health

    • Calcium supplements are recommended for individuals with insufficient dietary intake, with 1000-1300 mg/day for adults, and can be found in milk, fortified beverages, and certain vegetables and fish
    • Phosphorus is plentiful in the diet and does not require supplementation
    • Vitamin D supplements are advised for adults over 50, with a daily intake of 400 IU (10 μg) and can be obtained from various forms and food sources such as fish, liver, and fortified products
    • Vitamin D is fat-soluble, with absorption of 50-80% and can lead to soft tissue damage if taken in high doses for prolonged periods
    • Food sources of phosphorus include animal proteins, milk products, legumes, and nuts, with an average Canadian intake of 1200-1500 mg/day for women and men
    • Magnesium, constituting about 25g in the body, is essential for bone and teeth health, blood and tissue function, and plays a role in hypertension prevention
    • Magnesium is found in green plant foods and is involved in over 300 enzyme systems, and deficiency symptoms include irregular heartbeat, weakness, and hypertension
    • The body contains about 25g of magnesium, with bones containing 60% and muscles 20%, and it is excreted through the kidneys
    • Magnesium deficiency develops slowly and can lead to symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, weakness, and hypertension
    • The recommended daily allowance for adults is 15-20 μg/day (600-800 IU) of vitamin D, with average Canadian intake around 5-6 μg/day for women and men
    • Phosphorus intake is recommended at 700 mg/day for adults, with usual intakes around 1200-1500 mg/day for men and women
    • Calcium intake for adults is around 800 mg/day for women and 930 mg/day for men in Canada, and it is essential for bone health and can be found in various food sources and supplements

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    Test your knowledge about the structural support and functional characteristics of bones, including their role in supporting muscles and organs, as well as their composition and bone marrow function.

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