Understanding Blood Pressure and Hypertension
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Questions and Answers

The BNP gene is activated with increased heart wall ______________ from volume or pressure.

stress

What is the purpose of measuring BNP levels?

  • To diagnose hypertension
  • To diagnose heart failure
  • To rule in/out heart failure (correct)
  • To monitor blood pressure

    • Match the following symptoms with their corresponding descriptions:

    Exertional Dyspnea = Shortness of breath when exercising Orthopnea = Shortness of breath when lying down Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) = Sudden shortness of breath at night

    Heart failure is a syndrome with a single cause.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the complications of heart failure is ______________ and thromboembolism.

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used for both stable angina and acute coronary syndromes presentations?

    <p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension is a risk factor for __________________.

    <p>CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diagnostic tests with their descriptions:

    <p>Cardiac CT + angiography = Imaging test that uses X-rays and CT scans to visualize the coronary arteries Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) = Imaging test that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize the heart Positron emission tomography (PET) = Imaging test that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to visualize the heart's function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a heart attack that occurs when the blood flow to the heart is blocked?

    <p>Myocardial Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stephen's symptoms of shortness of breath and swollen ankles are indicative of Heart Failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

    <p>Heart Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood pressure range?

    <p>&lt; 120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as a blood pressure of ≥ 140 and ≥ 90.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the kidney in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>The kidney releases renin when it senses low blood pressure, which leads to the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and increasing aldosterone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is also known as _______________________ of the arteries.

    <p>hardening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their role in blood pressure regulation:

    <p>Renin = Released when low blood pressure is sensed Angiotensin II = Causes sodium resorption Aldosterone = Causes sodium resorption Natriuretic peptides = Inhibits sodium resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in individuals 65 years or older?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 5-year survival rate for heart failure patients is 60%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Frank Starling Curve illustrates the relationship between __________ and stroke volume.

    <p>preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Reduced Ejection Fraction (Systolic) Dysfunction = Reduced muscle mass (infarction) Preserved Ejection Fraction (Diastolic) Dysfunction = Ventricular stiffness (hypertension, ischemia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a harmful effect of increased myocardial oxygen demand (MVO2)?

    <p>Increased risk of cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular hypertrophy is always beneficial for maintaining cardiac output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to __________ and Na retention.

    <p>vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of diagnostic investigations in relation to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>To confirm the presence of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of isolated systolic hypertension?

    <p>Blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and &lt; 90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects the blood vessels supplying the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for disease of the coronary arteries, which can lead to angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

    <p>Heart Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidney releases ______________ when low blood pressure is detected in the afferent artery of the kidney.

    <p>renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is defined as a blood pressure of ______________ or higher.

    <p>140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a minor cardiovascular risk factor?

    <p>Obesity (Body mass index [BMI] &gt; 25 kg/m2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myocardial infarction is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects the peripheral arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of essential hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their role in blood pressure regulation:

    <p>Renin = Released when low blood pressure is detected in the afferent artery of the kidney Angiotensin II = Causes smooth muscle cell contraction and increases aldosterone release Natriuretic peptides = Inhibits sodium resorption Aldosterone = Causes sodium resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular conditions with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Angina = Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart Myocardial Infarction = Damage to the heart muscle due to blockage of the coronary arteries Atherosclerosis = Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries Coronary Artery Disease = Disease of the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, leading to conditions such as angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension is a risk factor for Myocardial Infarction

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "hardening of the arteries" refers to ______________.

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring BNP levels, and what do increased levels indicate?

    <p>To rule in/out heart failure and to monitor patients long term; Increased levels indicate heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of heart failure, and how do they relate to Stephen's and Cynthia's cases?

    <p>Symptoms of heart failure include Exertional Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), Fatigue and weakness, Nocturia. Stephen's symptoms of shortness of breath and swollen ankles, and Cynthia's symptoms of general fatigue and coughing are indicative of heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interpret the blood pressure reading of 156/94 for someone who is concerned about their health. Should they be worried?

    <p>Yes, they should be worried because their blood pressure is higher than normal (normal blood pressure is &lt; 120/80 mmHg) and may be a sign of hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of essential hypertension?

    <p>The primary mechanism of essential hypertension is reduced renal excretion of sodium, increased vascular resistance, genetic factors, and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidney, adrenal gland, and heart regulate blood pressure?

    <p>The kidney releases renin when blood pressure is low, which leads to the production of angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. The adrenal gland releases aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption, and the heart releases natriuretic peptides, which inhibit sodium reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to vasoconstriction and sodium retention, increasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the complications of heart failure?

    <p>Complications of heart failure include Quality of life, Arrhythmias, Stroke and thromboembolism, Hospitalizations, and Death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>The RAAS leads to vasoconstriction and Na retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Causes of secondary hypertension include certain medications (e.g. glucocorticoids, NSAIDs), kidney disease, and hormonal disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of diagnostic investigations in relation to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>To rule in/out heart failure and to monitor patients long term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is isolated systolic hypertension, and what is its definition?

    <p>Isolated systolic hypertension is a type of hypertension where systolic blood pressure is ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is &lt; 90 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pharmacists in the care of patients with hypertension?

    <p>Pharmacists play an important role in the care of patients with hypertension by understanding how blood pressure is regulated and how drugs can impact blood pressure, and by providing education and support to patients to manage their hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atherosclerosis, and how is it related to hypertension?

    <p>Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, and hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension contribute to end-organ damage?

    <p>Hypertension can lead to end-organ damage by causing blood vessels to narrow and harden, leading to reduced blood flow to organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of blood pressure regulation in the context of hypertension?

    <p>Blood pressure regulation is critical in the context of hypertension, as it can help prevent end-organ damage and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension, and how does it contribute to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of essential hypertension, and how does it relate to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>The primary mechanism of essential hypertension is the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to increased blood pressure and sodium retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension increase the risk of myocardial infarction, and what are the underlying mechanisms?

    <p>Hypertension increases the risk of myocardial infarction by increasing the workload on the heart, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and increased myocardial oxygen demand. This can result in plaque rupture and thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and heart failure, and how does hypertension contribute to the development of heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure, as it increases the workload on the heart, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased cardiac output. This can result in heart failure, characterized by the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the diagnostic criteria for isolated systolic hypertension, and how does it differ from diastolic hypertension?

    <p>Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher, with a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg. It differs from diastolic hypertension, which is defined as a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension contribute to atherosclerosis, and what are the underlying mechanisms?

    <p>Hypertension contributes to atherosclerosis by increasing the mechanical stress on the blood vessels, leading to endothelial damage and inflammation. This can result in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to conditions such as coronary artery disease and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation, and how does hypertension affect kidney function?

    <p>The kidney plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Hypertension can damage kidney function, leading to chronic kidney disease and further exacerbating hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension relate to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, and what are the implications for public health?

    <p>Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, accounting for a significant proportion of cardiovascular events. The management of hypertension is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease and reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and cardiac output, and how does hypertension affect cardiac function?

    <p>Hypertension increases the workload on the heart, leading to increased cardiac output and left ventricular hypertrophy. This can result in decreased cardiac function and increased cardiovascular risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypertension relate to cardiovascular risk factors, and what are the implications for cardiovascular disease prevention?

    <p>Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and its management is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease. The identification and management of hypertension, along with other cardiovascular risk factors, is essential for reducing cardiovascular risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension?

    <p>A blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of normal blood pressure?

    <p>&lt; 120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of essential hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Glucocorticoid (steroids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of hypertension?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of essential hypertension?

    <p>Increased peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Releasing renin when low blood pressure is detected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for isolated systolic hypertension?

    <p>A blood pressure of 140/70 mmHg or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal system in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Regulating sodium/fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a minor cardiovascular risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Elevated triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'hardening of the arteries'?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of diagnostic investigations in relation to hypertension?

    <p>To confirm the presence of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between hypertension and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of isolated systolic hypertension?

    <p>≥ 140 and &lt; 90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the heart in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Releasing natriuretic peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of untreated hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern with a blood pressure reading of 156/94?

    <p>The person is at risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in individuals 65 years or older?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of ejection fraction in a healthy individual?

    <p>70-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased heart wall stress from volume or pressure?

    <p>Activation of the BNP gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of heart failure?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BNP in the body?

    <p>Stimulates natriuresis and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of increased BNP levels in the diagnosis of heart failure?

    <p>Indicates heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Pressure and Hypertension

    • Normal blood pressure: < 120/80 mmHg
    • Hypertension: ≥ 140/90 mmHg
    • Isolated systolic hypertension: ≥ 140 and < 90 mmHg
    • 25% of the adult population in Canada are hypertensive
    • Blood pressure regulation involves the kidney, adrenal gland, and heart, which release substances to regulate vascular tone and sodium/fluid balance

    Blood Pressure Regulation

    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
      • Renin releases angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by ACE
      • Angiotensin II causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases aldosterone release, and causes sodium resorption
    • Kidney:
      • Releases renin when there is low blood pressure, high catecholamine levels, or low sodium levels
    • Heart:
      • Releases natriuretic peptides when there is increased pressure/volume sensed, which inhibits sodium resorption

    Causes of Hypertension

    • Essential hypertension: 90-95% of cases, due to genetic and environmental factors
    • Secondary hypertension: 5-10% of cases, due to specific causes such as kidney disease, sleep apnea, and certain medications
    • Mechanism of essential hypertension: reduced renal excretion of sodium, increased vascular resistance, and genetic factors
    • Drug-induced hypertension: caused by drugs such as glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and NSAIDs

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in Canada
    • Major cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes, and family history
    • Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and vascular disease
    • Heart failure: a syndrome of pulmonary and systemic congestion caused by failure of the heart to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs

    Heart Failure

    • Reduced ejection fraction (systolic) dysfunction: due to reduced muscle mass or dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Preserved ejection fraction (diastolic) dysfunction: due to ventricular stiffness, valve disease, or pericardial disease
    • Compensatory responses to decreased cardiac output:
      • Tachycardia: increases cardiac output but can be harmful
      • Increased preload: increases stroke volume but can cause pulmonary and systemic congestion
      • Vasoconstriction: increases blood pressure but increases myocardial oxygen demand
      • Ventricular hypertrophy: maintains cardiac output but can be limited in benefit
    • Neurohormonal activation:
      • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and cardiac remodeling
      • Sympathetic nervous system: causes vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and cardiac remodeling

    Blood Pressure and Hypertension

    • Normal blood pressure is defined as < 120/80 mmHg
    • Hypertension is a common condition, affecting 25% of the adult population in Canada
    • Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as ≥ 140 and < 90
    • Blood pressure is regulated by the kidney, adrenal gland, and myocardium/heart, which release substances to control vascular tone and sodium/fluid balance
    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in blood pressure regulation
    • Causes of hypertension include:
      • Essential hypertension (mechanism unknown)
      • Secondary hypertension (caused by underlying conditions or medications)
      • Drug-induced hypertension (e.g. glucocorticoids, sex hormones, NSAIDs)

    Mechanism of Essential Hypertension

    • Reduced renal excretion of sodium
    • Increased vascular resistance
    • Chronic changes in vascular wall
    • Genetic factors (e.g. ACE gene, aldosterone gene)
    • Environmental factors (e.g. excessive Na intake, stress, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity)

    Role of Pharmacists

    • Pharmacists play a critical role in the care of patients with hypertension
    • Understanding how blood pressure is regulated is important for pharmacists to understand how drugs may impact blood pressure
    • Many opportunities exist for pharmacists to impact the care of patients with hypertension

    Cardiovascular System

    • Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in Canada
    • Types of cardiovascular disease include:
      • Coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction
      • Stroke
      • Peripheral arterial disease
      • Heart failure
      • Arrhythmias
    • Cardiovascular risk factors include:
      • Modifiable factors (e.g. hypertension, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes)
      • Non-modifiable factors (e.g. age, sex, family history)

    Heart Failure

    • Heart failure is a syndrome with multiple causes
    • Symptoms of heart failure include:
      • Exertional dyspnea
      • Orthopnea
      • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
      • Fatigue and weakness
      • Nocturia
    • Signs of heart failure include:
      • Edema
      • Pallor/cold extremities
      • Sinus tachycardia
      • Rales
      • Elevated jugular venous pressure
      • Hepatojugular reflux
      • Hepatomegaly
    • Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a useful biomarker for heart failure
    • Complications of heart failure include:
      • Quality of life
      • Arrhythmias
      • Stroke and thromboembolism
      • Hospitalizations
      • Death

    Blood Pressure and Hypertension

    • Normal blood pressure is defined as < 120/80 mmHg
    • Hypertension is a common condition, affecting 25% of the adult population in Canada
    • Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as ≥ 140 and < 90
    • Blood pressure is regulated by the kidney, adrenal gland, and myocardium/heart, which release substances to control vascular tone and sodium/fluid balance
    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in blood pressure regulation
    • Causes of hypertension include:
      • Essential hypertension (mechanism unknown)
      • Secondary hypertension (caused by underlying conditions or medications)
      • Drug-induced hypertension (e.g. glucocorticoids, sex hormones, NSAIDs)

    Mechanism of Essential Hypertension

    • Reduced renal excretion of sodium
    • Increased vascular resistance
    • Chronic changes in vascular wall
    • Genetic factors (e.g. ACE gene, aldosterone gene)
    • Environmental factors (e.g. excessive Na intake, stress, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity)

    Role of Pharmacists

    • Pharmacists play a critical role in the care of patients with hypertension
    • Understanding how blood pressure is regulated is important for pharmacists to understand how drugs may impact blood pressure
    • Many opportunities exist for pharmacists to impact the care of patients with hypertension

    Cardiovascular System

    • Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in Canada
    • Types of cardiovascular disease include:
      • Coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction
      • Stroke
      • Peripheral arterial disease
      • Heart failure
      • Arrhythmias
    • Cardiovascular risk factors include:
      • Modifiable factors (e.g. hypertension, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes)
      • Non-modifiable factors (e.g. age, sex, family history)

    Heart Failure

    • Heart failure is a syndrome with multiple causes
    • Symptoms of heart failure include:
      • Exertional dyspnea
      • Orthopnea
      • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
      • Fatigue and weakness
      • Nocturia
    • Signs of heart failure include:
      • Edema
      • Pallor/cold extremities
      • Sinus tachycardia
      • Rales
      • Elevated jugular venous pressure
      • Hepatojugular reflux
      • Hepatomegaly
    • Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a useful biomarker for heart failure
    • Complications of heart failure include:
      • Quality of life
      • Arrhythmias
      • Stroke and thromboembolism
      • Hospitalizations
      • Death

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    Description

    This quiz will help you understand normal blood pressure, hypertension, and their mechanisms. Learn how blood pressure is regulated and the causes of secondary hypertension.

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