Understanding Blood Pressure and Hypertension

stress

To rule in/out heart failure

Exertional Dyspnea = Shortness of breath when exercising Orthopnea = Shortness of breath when lying down Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) = Sudden shortness of breath at night

False

Stroke

Electrocardiogram

True

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

CVD

Cardiac CT + angiography = Imaging test that uses X-rays and CT scans to visualize the coronary arteries Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) = Imaging test that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize the heart Positron emission tomography (PET) = Imaging test that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to visualize the heart's function

Myocardial Infarction

True

Heart Failure

< 120/80 mmHg

False

The kidney releases renin when it senses low blood pressure, which leads to the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and increasing aldosterone release.

hardening

Renin = Released when low blood pressure is sensed Angiotensin II = Causes sodium resorption Aldosterone = Causes sodium resorption Natriuretic peptides = Inhibits sodium resorption

Heart failure

False

CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

preload

Reduced Ejection Fraction (Systolic) Dysfunction = Reduced muscle mass (infarction) Preserved Ejection Fraction (Diastolic) Dysfunction = Ventricular stiffness (hypertension, ischemia)

Increased risk of cell death

False

vasoconstriction

To confirm the presence of cardiovascular disease

Blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and < 90 mmHg

False

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

True

Heart Failure

renin

140/90 mmHg

Obesity (Body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m2)

False

All of the above

Renin = Released when low blood pressure is detected in the afferent artery of the kidney Angiotensin II = Causes smooth muscle cell contraction and increases aldosterone release Natriuretic peptides = Inhibits sodium resorption Aldosterone = Causes sodium resorption

Angina = Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart Myocardial Infarction = Damage to the heart muscle due to blockage of the coronary arteries Atherosclerosis = Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries Coronary Artery Disease = Disease of the coronary arteries

Atherosclerosis

True

Atherosclerosis

Heart failure

To rule in/out heart failure and to monitor patients long term; Increased levels indicate heart failure.

Symptoms of heart failure include Exertional Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), Fatigue and weakness, Nocturia. Stephen's symptoms of shortness of breath and swollen ankles, and Cynthia's symptoms of general fatigue and coughing are indicative of heart failure.

Yes, they should be worried because their blood pressure is higher than normal (normal blood pressure is < 120/80 mmHg) and may be a sign of hypertension.

Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure.

The primary mechanism of essential hypertension is reduced renal excretion of sodium, increased vascular resistance, genetic factors, and environmental factors.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

The kidney releases renin when blood pressure is low, which leads to the production of angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. The adrenal gland releases aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption, and the heart releases natriuretic peptides, which inhibit sodium reabsorption.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to vasoconstriction and sodium retention, increasing blood pressure.

Complications of heart failure include Quality of life, Arrhythmias, Stroke and thromboembolism, Hospitalizations, and Death.

The RAAS leads to vasoconstriction and Na retention.

Causes of secondary hypertension include certain medications (e.g. glucocorticoids, NSAIDs), kidney disease, and hormonal disorders.

To rule in/out heart failure and to monitor patients long term.

Isolated systolic hypertension is a type of hypertension where systolic blood pressure is ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is < 90 mmHg.

Pharmacists play an important role in the care of patients with hypertension by understanding how blood pressure is regulated and how drugs can impact blood pressure, and by providing education and support to patients to manage their hypertension.

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, and hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Hypertension can lead to end-organ damage by causing blood vessels to narrow and harden, leading to reduced blood flow to organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys.

Blood pressure regulation is critical in the context of hypertension, as it can help prevent end-organ damage and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.

The primary mechanism of essential hypertension is the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to increased blood pressure and sodium retention.

Hypertension increases the risk of myocardial infarction by increasing the workload on the heart, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and increased myocardial oxygen demand. This can result in plaque rupture and thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure, as it increases the workload on the heart, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased cardiac output. This can result in heart failure, characterized by the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher, with a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg. It differs from diastolic hypertension, which is defined as a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher.

Hypertension contributes to atherosclerosis by increasing the mechanical stress on the blood vessels, leading to endothelial damage and inflammation. This can result in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to conditions such as coronary artery disease and stroke.

The kidney plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Hypertension can damage kidney function, leading to chronic kidney disease and further exacerbating hypertension.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, accounting for a significant proportion of cardiovascular events. The management of hypertension is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease and reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.

Hypertension increases the workload on the heart, leading to increased cardiac output and left ventricular hypertrophy. This can result in decreased cardiac function and increased cardiovascular risk.

Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and its management is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease. The identification and management of hypertension, along with other cardiovascular risk factors, is essential for reducing cardiovascular risk.

A blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher

Hypertension

< 120/80 mmHg

Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure

All of the above

Glucocorticoid (steroids)

None of the above

Increased peripheral resistance

Releasing renin when low blood pressure is detected

A blood pressure of 140/70 mmHg or higher

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Regulating sodium/fluid balance

Elevated triglyceride

Atherosclerosis

To confirm the presence of hypertension

Hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis

≥ 140 and < 90 mmHg

Releasing natriuretic peptides

All of the above

The person is at risk of cardiovascular disease

Heart failure

70-90%

Heart failure

Activation of the BNP gene

Exertional dyspnea

Stimulates natriuresis and vasodilation

Indicates heart failure

Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure