Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of processing occurs when you need to effortfully find something among distractors?
Which type of processing occurs when you need to effortfully find something among distractors?
- Parallel processing
- Focused processing
- Serial processing (correct)
- Covert processing
What does Treisman’s theory propose about unattended information?
What does Treisman’s theory propose about unattended information?
- It is completely filtered out.
- It is attenuated after initial sensory processing. (correct)
- It is fully processed semantically.
- It is only noticed by the listener.
Inattentional blindness refers to the difficulty in noticing changes when dynamic signals are missing.
Inattentional blindness refers to the difficulty in noticing changes when dynamic signals are missing.
False (B)
According to late selection theory, filtering of information happens after semantic processing.
According to late selection theory, filtering of information happens after semantic processing.
What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the alerting network in Posner's attention networks?
What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the alerting network in Posner's attention networks?
___ is the term used to describe a deficiency in attending to one half of the visual field, often due to brain damage.
___ is the term used to describe a deficiency in attending to one half of the visual field, often due to brain damage.
What is the cocktail party effect?
What is the cocktail party effect?
Match the following attention networks with their primary functions:
Match the following attention networks with their primary functions:
In visual attention, _____ attention involves a gaze shift that accompanies a shift of attention.
In visual attention, _____ attention involves a gaze shift that accompanies a shift of attention.
Match the following theories with their key features:
Match the following theories with their key features:
Which feature of attention allows individuals to focus on specific information while ignoring others?
Which feature of attention allows individuals to focus on specific information while ignoring others?
Involuntary attention is driven by internal goals and states.
Involuntary attention is driven by internal goals and states.
What effect describes the ability to focus on a conversation amidst a noisy environment?
What effect describes the ability to focus on a conversation amidst a noisy environment?
________ attention is controlled by external events and is typically rapid but brief.
________ attention is controlled by external events and is typically rapid but brief.
Match the type of attention with its characteristic:
Match the type of attention with its characteristic:
Which of the following describes sustained attention?
Which of the following describes sustained attention?
Early selection theory suggests that filtering occurs after sensory input has been processed.
Early selection theory suggests that filtering occurs after sensory input has been processed.
Top-down attention is directed based on personal ________ such as knowledge, goals, or habits.
Top-down attention is directed based on personal ________ such as knowledge, goals, or habits.
Flashcards
Selective attention
Selective attention
The ability to focus on specific information while ignoring other information. It's like a spotlight that highlights what's important while dimming out the rest.
Top-down attention
Top-down attention
Attention is driven by internal factors such as goals, knowledge, and expectations.
Exogenous attention
Exogenous attention
Attention is captured by external stimuli such as sudden changes in brightness or sound.
Limited capacity of attention
Limited capacity of attention
Attention is limited to a certain amount of information at once, like trying to juggle too many balls.
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Sustained attention
Sustained attention
The ability to maintain focus on a task for an extended period.
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Bottom-up attention
Bottom-up attention
Attention is directed based on the properties of sensory input, such as bright objects or loud sounds.
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Divided attention
Divided attention
The ability to switch attention between different tasks or stimuli.
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Involuntary attention
Involuntary attention
Attention directed toward objects or events that are not related to current goals.
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Change blindness
Change blindness
Difficulty noticing changes in a scene when dynamic signals are missing.
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Inattentional blindness
Inattentional blindness
Failure to notice events or objects that aren't specifically attended to.
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Attenuation Theory of Attention
Attenuation Theory of Attention
A theory that suggests that unattended information undergoes initial sensory processing but is then 'attenuated' or weakened before reaching semantic processing. This means some information from the unattended channel may still be noticed, but it is not fully processed. Think of it as a dimmer switch, turning down the volume of unimportant information.
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Covert Attention
Covert Attention
The idea that attention is directed to a specific location within the visual field without any accompanying eye movement. In other words, your attention shifts, but your eyes stay fixed.
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Late Selection Theory
Late Selection Theory
A theory of attention proposing that all sensory input is fully processed semantically, and then only the most relevant information is selected for further processing and storage in short-term memory. It is the idea that filtering of information happens after the meaning is determined.
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Overt Attention
Overt Attention
A shift in both attention and gaze towards a particular location.
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What is Attention?
- Attention is the mind focusing on one thing while ignoring others.
- It allows for effective processing of information by selectively filtering inputs.
- Attention has a limited capacity, meaning it can only process a certain amount of information at a time.
- Sustained attention is difficult, as it challenges the ability to focus on a single task for prolonged periods.
Features of Attention
- Selectivity: Focusing on specific information while ignoring other information.
- Limited Capacity: Restricting the amount of information processed simultaneously.
- Sustainability: Maintaining focus on a single task over extended periods.
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Attention
- Bottom-up attention: Responding to sensory input like loud noises or bright colors.
- Top-down attention: Focused by prior knowledge, goals, or expectations.
Voluntary vs. Involuntary Attention
- Voluntary attention: Directed by internal goals, intentions, and instructions.
- Involuntary attention: Captured by external stimuli, often irrelevant to current goals.
Selective Attention
- Cocktail party effect: Ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment.
Early Selection Theory (Broadbent, 1958)
- Information filtering occurs before extensive processing.
- Sensory input is filtered based on physical features (e.g., location, pitch).
- Unattended information is largely filtered out.
Challenges to Early Selection
- Some unattended information is noticed.
- Some processing of the unattended message may occur.
- Complete filtering of unattended information is impossible.
Attention Theory - Treisman (1960)
- Unattended information isn't fully blocked but attenuated.
- Attenuation means reducing the strength of stimuli rather than fully blocking them.
- Some meaningful or relevant stimuli break through the attenuation process.
Late Selection Theory (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963)
- All input is considered but only important stimuli are processed.
- Semantic analysis occurs regardless of whether a stimulus is attended or not.
- Selection based on importance of the information.
Visual Attention
- Covert attention: Shifts of attention without eye movements.
- Overt attention: Shifts of attention with eye movements.
Attention and Search
- Parallel processing:Simultaneous processing of different visual features.
- Serial processing: Sequential processing of visual features.
- Search efficiency depends on the relation between targets and distractors
- Not all info processed equally; difficulty of search depends on how different the target is from distracting stimuli.
Attention and Awareness
- Change blindness: Difficulty noticing changes.
- Inattentional blindness: Failure to notice obvious events.
Attention Networks
- Alerting network: Maintain vigilance, react to stimuli.
- Orienting network: Selecting and shifting attention.
- Executive network: Responsible for goal-directed actions, inhibiting irrelevant responses and planning.
Unilateral Neglect
- Ignoring one side of the visual field.
- Often associated with damage to the right parietal lobe.
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