Podcast
Questions and Answers
Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene, encoding beta-catenin, are characteristically associated with which type of sellar tumor?
Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene, encoding beta-catenin, are characteristically associated with which type of sellar tumor?
- Spindle cell oncocytoma
- Papillary craniopharyngioma (correct)
- Pituitary adenoma
- Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma
The majority of sellar tumors are located in the suprasellar compartment. Which of the following clinical manifestations would most directly indicate tumor extension into the anterior cranial fossa?
The majority of sellar tumors are located in the suprasellar compartment. Which of the following clinical manifestations would most directly indicate tumor extension into the anterior cranial fossa?
- Bitemporal hemianopsia
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Hypopituitarism
- Olfactory dysfunction (correct)
A patient presents with visual impairment and endocrine deficits. An incidental sellar mass is discovered on imaging, but is asymptomatic. Given the incidental nature, what percentage of sellar tumors are estimated to be truly incidental findings?
A patient presents with visual impairment and endocrine deficits. An incidental sellar mass is discovered on imaging, but is asymptomatic. Given the incidental nature, what percentage of sellar tumors are estimated to be truly incidental findings?
- Around 25%
- Approximately 10%
- Greater than 50%
- Less than 2% (correct)
Pituitary adenomas are characterized by monomorphic neuroendocrine cells. Which of the following cellular features is most helpful in differentiating pituitary adenoma cells from normal anterior pituitary cells?
Pituitary adenomas are characterized by monomorphic neuroendocrine cells. Which of the following cellular features is most helpful in differentiating pituitary adenoma cells from normal anterior pituitary cells?
Crooke cell adenomas are a subtype of pituitary adenomas characterized by specific cytoplasmic features. What is the primary component accumulating in the cytoplasm of Crooke cells, leading to their hyalinized appearance?
Crooke cell adenomas are a subtype of pituitary adenomas characterized by specific cytoplasmic features. What is the primary component accumulating in the cytoplasm of Crooke cells, leading to their hyalinized appearance?
Which immunohistochemical marker is most consistently utilized and diagnostically relevant for somatotroph pituitary adenomas?
Which immunohistochemical marker is most consistently utilized and diagnostically relevant for somatotroph pituitary adenomas?
Silent corticotroph adenomas are a subtype of pituitary adenomas that pose a diagnostic challenge. What is the primary reason they are termed 'silent' clinically?
Silent corticotroph adenomas are a subtype of pituitary adenomas that pose a diagnostic challenge. What is the primary reason they are termed 'silent' clinically?
Prolactinomas, the most common type of pituitary adenoma, can cause hyperprolactinemia. In the context of sellar masses, what other mechanism, besides tumor secretion, can lead to elevated prolactin levels, particularly in the presence of a large sellar lesion?
Prolactinomas, the most common type of pituitary adenoma, can cause hyperprolactinemia. In the context of sellar masses, what other mechanism, besides tumor secretion, can lead to elevated prolactin levels, particularly in the presence of a large sellar lesion?
Pituitary apoplexy is a critical complication of pituitary adenomas. What is the most common underlying pathological event leading to pituitary apoplexy?
Pituitary apoplexy is a critical complication of pituitary adenomas. What is the most common underlying pathological event leading to pituitary apoplexy?
On MRI, pituitary adenomas often present with characteristic signal intensities. How do pituitary adenomas typically appear on T1-weighted images compared to normal pituitary tissue?
On MRI, pituitary adenomas often present with characteristic signal intensities. How do pituitary adenomas typically appear on T1-weighted images compared to normal pituitary tissue?
Somatic mutations in the GNAS gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of a specific subtype of pituitary adenoma. Which type of pituitary adenoma is most strongly associated with GNAS mutations?
Somatic mutations in the GNAS gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of a specific subtype of pituitary adenoma. Which type of pituitary adenoma is most strongly associated with GNAS mutations?
Transcription factor expression profiling is crucial in classifying pituitary adenomas. Which transcription factor is most specifically associated with lactotroph, somatotroph, and thyrotroph lineage pituitary adenomas?
Transcription factor expression profiling is crucial in classifying pituitary adenomas. Which transcription factor is most specifically associated with lactotroph, somatotroph, and thyrotroph lineage pituitary adenomas?
Gonadotroph adenomas, while often clinically silent, can present with hormonal disturbances. In females, what is the most typical clinical manifestation associated with gonadotroph adenomas?
Gonadotroph adenomas, while often clinically silent, can present with hormonal disturbances. In females, what is the most typical clinical manifestation associated with gonadotroph adenomas?
Plurihormonal pituitary adenomas are characterized by the production of multiple hormones. Which of the following is a typical characteristic distinguishing plurihormonal adenomas from null cell adenomas?
Plurihormonal pituitary adenomas are characterized by the production of multiple hormones. Which of the following is a typical characteristic distinguishing plurihormonal adenomas from null cell adenomas?
Granular cell tumors of the sellar region are distinct from pituitary adenomas. Which of the following is a key morphological characteristic that helps differentiate granular cell tumors from pituitary adenomas?
Granular cell tumors of the sellar region are distinct from pituitary adenomas. Which of the following is a key morphological characteristic that helps differentiate granular cell tumors from pituitary adenomas?
Immunohistochemistry plays a role in distinguishing granular cell tumors. Which of the following is typically positive in granular cell tumors and negative in pituitary adenomas, aiding in their differentiation?
Immunohistochemistry plays a role in distinguishing granular cell tumors. Which of the following is typically positive in granular cell tumors and negative in pituitary adenomas, aiding in their differentiation?
Papillary craniopharyngiomas are a subtype of craniopharyngiomas with distinct morphological and molecular features. What is the typical architectural pattern observed in papillary craniopharyngiomas?
Papillary craniopharyngiomas are a subtype of craniopharyngiomas with distinct morphological and molecular features. What is the typical architectural pattern observed in papillary craniopharyngiomas?
Unlike adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, papillary craniopharyngiomas are thought to arise from a specific cellular origin. Which of the following is considered the likely cell of origin for papillary craniopharyngiomas?
Unlike adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, papillary craniopharyngiomas are thought to arise from a specific cellular origin. Which of the following is considered the likely cell of origin for papillary craniopharyngiomas?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas are known for their mixed solid and cystic components. What is the characteristic nature of the cystic fluid typically found in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cysts?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas are known for their mixed solid and cystic components. What is the characteristic nature of the cystic fluid typically found in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cysts?
A key morphological feature of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas is the basal layer of cells with palisading. What cellular pattern is typically observed in the central portion of the tumor lobules, away from the basal palisading layer?
A key morphological feature of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas is the basal layer of cells with palisading. What cellular pattern is typically observed in the central portion of the tumor lobules, away from the basal palisading layer?
Calcifications are a common finding in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. What type of calcification is most frequently observed within these tumors?
Calcifications are a common finding in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. What type of calcification is most frequently observed within these tumors?
BRAF V600E mutations are molecularly significant in craniopharyngiomas, but show differential prevalence between subtypes. In which subtype of craniopharyngioma are BRAF V600E mutations characteristically found?
BRAF V600E mutations are molecularly significant in craniopharyngiomas, but show differential prevalence between subtypes. In which subtype of craniopharyngioma are BRAF V600E mutations characteristically found?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas exhibit a bimodal age distribution. During which decades of life are the two peaks in incidence typically observed?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas exhibit a bimodal age distribution. During which decades of life are the two peaks in incidence typically observed?
In children, adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas represent a significant proportion of all craniopharyngiomas. Approximately what percentage of craniopharyngiomas in children are of the adamantinomatous variant?
In children, adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas represent a significant proportion of all craniopharyngiomas. Approximately what percentage of craniopharyngiomas in children are of the adamantinomatous variant?
Pituitary blastoma is a rare and aggressive tumor of the sellar region, primarily affecting a specific patient demographic. In which age group is pituitary blastoma most commonly observed?
Pituitary blastoma is a rare and aggressive tumor of the sellar region, primarily affecting a specific patient demographic. In which age group is pituitary blastoma most commonly observed?
Pituitary blastomas are associated with germline and somatic mutations in a specific gene. Mutations in which gene are characteristically linked to the development of pituitary blastoma?
Pituitary blastomas are associated with germline and somatic mutations in a specific gene. Mutations in which gene are characteristically linked to the development of pituitary blastoma?
Clinically, pituitary blastomas often present with a characteristic endocrine syndrome. Which hormonal syndrome is most commonly associated with pituitary blastoma in infants?
Clinically, pituitary blastomas often present with a characteristic endocrine syndrome. Which hormonal syndrome is most commonly associated with pituitary blastoma in infants?
Spindle cell oncocytoma is a tumor of the posterior pituitary with distinct morphology. What is the predominant cell type characterizing spindle cell oncocytomas?
Spindle cell oncocytoma is a tumor of the posterior pituitary with distinct morphology. What is the predominant cell type characterizing spindle cell oncocytomas?
Spindle cell oncocytomas are considered non-neuroendocrine neoplasms. Which of the following immunohistochemical markers is typically negative in spindle cell oncocytomas, supporting their non-neuroendocrine nature?
Spindle cell oncocytomas are considered non-neuroendocrine neoplasms. Which of the following immunohistochemical markers is typically negative in spindle cell oncocytomas, supporting their non-neuroendocrine nature?
Compared to pituitary adenomas and granular cell tumors of the sellar region, spindle cell oncocytomas are associated with a different clinical behavior regarding recurrence. What is the relative recurrence rate of spindle cell oncocytomas?
Compared to pituitary adenomas and granular cell tumors of the sellar region, spindle cell oncocytomas are associated with a different clinical behavior regarding recurrence. What is the relative recurrence rate of spindle cell oncocytomas?
Variable nuclear pleomorphism is a morphological feature described in spindle cell oncocytomas. What does 'nuclear pleomorphism' refer to in the context of tumor cell morphology?
Variable nuclear pleomorphism is a morphological feature described in spindle cell oncocytomas. What does 'nuclear pleomorphism' refer to in the context of tumor cell morphology?
Intersecting fascicles is a specific architectural pattern seen in spindle cell oncocytomas. How are the tumor cells arranged in this fascicular pattern?
Intersecting fascicles is a specific architectural pattern seen in spindle cell oncocytomas. How are the tumor cells arranged in this fascicular pattern?
Which of the following is NOT considered a typical location for sellar tumors to extend?
Which of the following is NOT considered a typical location for sellar tumors to extend?
Malignant progression of sellar tumors is described as extremely rare. Which of the following features is most suggestive of malignant transformation in a sellar tumor?
Malignant progression of sellar tumors is described as extremely rare. Which of the following features is most suggestive of malignant transformation in a sellar tumor?
Which of the following pituitary adenoma subtypes is most likely to present with mass effect symptoms due to its larger size at diagnosis?
Which of the following pituitary adenoma subtypes is most likely to present with mass effect symptoms due to its larger size at diagnosis?
Increased propensity for early recurrence and resistance to therapy is noted for a specific subtype of pituitary adenoma. Which subtype exhibits this more aggressive clinical behavior?
Increased propensity for early recurrence and resistance to therapy is noted for a specific subtype of pituitary adenoma. Which subtype exhibits this more aggressive clinical behavior?
In the classification of pituitary adenomas based on transcription factor expression, TPIT lineage adenomas are associated with which functional subtype?
In the classification of pituitary adenomas based on transcription factor expression, TPIT lineage adenomas are associated with which functional subtype?
TBX19 is another transcription factor involved in pituitary adenoma classification. Which functional subtype is associated with TBX19 lineage?
TBX19 is another transcription factor involved in pituitary adenoma classification. Which functional subtype is associated with TBX19 lineage?
SF1 (Steroidogenic Factor 1) lineage in pituitary adenoma classification is linked to which functional subtype?
SF1 (Steroidogenic Factor 1) lineage in pituitary adenoma classification is linked to which functional subtype?
Which imaging modality is most useful in visualizing sellar and suprasellar masses and assessing for compression of the optic chiasm?
Which imaging modality is most useful in visualizing sellar and suprasellar masses and assessing for compression of the optic chiasm?
Cavernous sinus or sphenoid sinus invasion by a pituitary adenoma is a significant factor in surgical planning and prognosis. How is sinus invasion best assessed radiologically?
Cavernous sinus or sphenoid sinus invasion by a pituitary adenoma is a significant factor in surgical planning and prognosis. How is sinus invasion best assessed radiologically?
Genetic predisposition is generally considered to play a minor role in the development of pituitary adenomas. What is the predominant genetic factor in the etiology of most pituitary adenomas?
Genetic predisposition is generally considered to play a minor role in the development of pituitary adenomas. What is the predominant genetic factor in the etiology of most pituitary adenomas?
A 45-year-old patient presents with progressive bitemporal hemianopsia and is subsequently diagnosed with a large sellar mass. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor reveals positive staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin, but is negative for all pituitary hormones. Which of the following is the MOST likely subtype of pituitary adenoma, considering the immunohistochemical profile and clinical presentation?
A 45-year-old patient presents with progressive bitemporal hemianopsia and is subsequently diagnosed with a large sellar mass. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor reveals positive staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin, but is negative for all pituitary hormones. Which of the following is the MOST likely subtype of pituitary adenoma, considering the immunohistochemical profile and clinical presentation?
In the classification of pituitary tumors, transcription factor expression plays a crucial role in lineage assignment. Considering the functional subtypes of pituitary adenomas, which of the following transcription factor and associated lineage pairings is MOST accurate?
In the classification of pituitary tumors, transcription factor expression plays a crucial role in lineage assignment. Considering the functional subtypes of pituitary adenomas, which of the following transcription factor and associated lineage pairings is MOST accurate?
A pediatric patient is diagnosed with a sellar tumor presenting with Cushing syndrome. Histopathological examination reveals an embryonal neoplasm composed of primitive blastemal cells. Genetic testing is MOST likely to reveal mutations in which of the following genes?
A pediatric patient is diagnosed with a sellar tumor presenting with Cushing syndrome. Histopathological examination reveals an embryonal neoplasm composed of primitive blastemal cells. Genetic testing is MOST likely to reveal mutations in which of the following genes?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and papillary craniopharyngiomas are distinct subtypes with differing molecular profiles and histogenesis. Which of the following features BEST differentiates papillary craniopharyngioma from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and papillary craniopharyngiomas are distinct subtypes with differing molecular profiles and histogenesis. Which of the following features BEST differentiates papillary craniopharyngioma from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma?
A 60-year-old patient is diagnosed with a spindle cell oncocytoma of the posterior pituitary. Considering its unique characteristics compared to other sellar tumors, which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding spindle cell oncocytoma?
A 60-year-old patient is diagnosed with a spindle cell oncocytoma of the posterior pituitary. Considering its unique characteristics compared to other sellar tumors, which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding spindle cell oncocytoma?
Flashcards
Location of Sellar Tumors
Location of Sellar Tumors
Majority of sellar tumors have suprasellar component and can extend to the anterior, middle, or posterior cranial fossa.
Sellar Tumors: Molecular Characteristics
Sellar Tumors: Molecular Characteristics
Rare tumors molecularly defined by activating CTNNB1 mutations (encodes beta catenin). Malignant progression is extremely rare.
Pituicytoma Morphology
Pituicytoma Morphology
Low-grade glial tumor composed of bland bipolar spindle cells arranged in a fascicular or storiform pattern.
Pituicytoma: Key Absence
Pituicytoma: Key Absence
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Granular Cell Tumor Morphology
Granular Cell Tumor Morphology
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Papillary Craniopharyngioma Morphology
Papillary Craniopharyngioma Morphology
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Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma Morphology
Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma Morphology
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Pituitary Blastoma Morphology
Pituitary Blastoma Morphology
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Spindle Cell Oncocytoma Morphology
Spindle Cell Oncocytoma Morphology
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Pituitary Adenoma Location
Pituitary Adenoma Location
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Pituitary Adenoma Hormone Secretion
Pituitary Adenoma Hormone Secretion
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Pituitary Adenoma: Prevalence
Pituitary Adenoma: Prevalence
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Pituitary Adenoma Imaging
Pituitary Adenoma Imaging
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Pituitary Adenoma Classification
Pituitary Adenoma Classification
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Study Notes
Understanding Slope
- Slope measures the steepness of a line.
- It is calculated as "rise over run".
- Rise over run is the change in the vertical (y) direction divided by the change in the horizontal (x) direction.
Calculating Slope
Using Coordinates
- Given two points $(x_1, y_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2)$, the slope ((m)) is: $m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}$
- For points (1, 2) and (4, 6): $m = \frac{6 - 2}{4 - 1} = \frac{4}{3}$
Using Slope-Intercept Form
- Slope-intercept form of a linear equation is: $y = mx + b$
- (m) is the slope
- (b) is the y-intercept
- In the equation $y = 3x - 2$, the slope ((m)) is 3, and the y-intercept ((b)) is -2.
Types of Slopes
Positive Slope
- Positive slope lines go upwards from left to right.
- Slope of 2 means the line goes up 2 units for every 1 unit to the right.
Negative Slope
- Negative slope lines go downwards from left to right.
- Slope of -1 means the line goes down 1 unit for every 1 unit to the right.
Zero Slope
- Horizontal lines have a slope of 0.
- This is because the y-value doesn't change.
Undefined Slope
- Vertical lines have an undefined slope.
- This is because the x-value doesn't change, resulting in division by zero.
Examples
- Positive Slope: A line that rises from left to right.
- Negative Slope: A line that falls from left to right.
- Zero Slope: A horizontal line.
- Undefined Slope: A vertical line.
Funciones Vectoriales de Variable Real
Introducción
- A vector function of a real variable assigns a vector to each real number in its domain.
- These functions are of the form:$\qquad \vec{r}(t) = (f(t), g(t), h(t))$
- $f(t)$, $g(t)$ and $h(t)$ are real functions of the real variable $t$.
- They represent the components of the vector $\vec{r}(t)$ in a three-dimensional coordinate system.
Dominio
- The domain of a vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ is the set of all values of $t$ for which the function is defined.
- The interception of the domains of the component functions are: $\qquad Dom(\vec{r}(t)) = Dom(f(t)) \cap Dom(g(t)) \cap Dom(h(t))$
Límite
- The limit of a vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ as $t$ tends to $a$ is the vector whose components are the limits of the component functions: $\qquad \lim_{t \to a} \vec{r}(t) = (\lim_{t \to a} f(t), \lim_{t \to a} g(t), \lim_{t \to a} h(t))$
- Only when the limits of the component functions exist.
Continuidad
- A vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ is continuous at $t = a$ if the following conditions are met:
- $\vec{r}(a)$ is defined.
- $\lim_{t \to a} \vec{r}(t)$ exists.
- $\lim_{t \to a} \vec{r}(t) = \vec{r}(a)$
- A vector function is continuous if each of its component functions is continuous.
Derivada
- The derivative of a vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ is defined as: $\qquad \vec{r}'(t) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\vec{r}(t + h) - \vec{r}(t)}{h}$
- If the derivatives of the component functions exist, then the derivative of $\vec{r}(t)$ can be calculated component by component: $\qquad \vec{r}'(t) = (f'(t), g'(t), h'(t))$
Interpretación geométrica de la derivada
- The derivative $\vec{r}'(t)$ represents a vector tangent to the curve described by $\vec{r}(t)$ at the point $\vec{r}(t)$.
- The direction of this vector indicates the direction in which a point moving along the curve moves at time $t$.
Integrales
- The integral of a vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ is defined as: $\qquad \int \vec{r}(t) dt = (\int f(t) dt, \int g(t) dt, \int h(t) dt) + \vec{C}$
- $\vec{C}$ is a vector constant of integration.
Longitud de arco
- The arc length of a curve described by a vector function $\vec{r}(t)$ from $t = a$ to $t = b$ is calculated as: $\qquad L = \int_{a}^{b} |\vec{r}'(t)| dt = \int_{a}^{b} \sqrt{(f'(t))^2 + (g'(t))^2 + (h'(t))^2} dt$
Curvatura
- The curvature $K$ of a curve at a given point measures how quickly the curve changes direction at that point.
- It is defined as: $\qquad K = \frac{|\vec{T}'(t)|}{|\vec{r}'(t)|}$
- $\vec{T}(t) = \frac{\vec{r}'(t)}{|\vec{r}'(t)|}$ is the unit tangent vector.
- It can also be calculated as: $\qquad K = \frac{|\vec{r}'(t) \times \vec{r}''(t)|}{|\vec{r}'(t)|^3}$
Regulární výrazy
Co jsou regulární výrazy?
- Regulární výraz, zkráceně regexp nebo regex, je textový řetězec, který slouží jako vzor pro vyhledávání a manipulaci s textem.
- Regulární výrazy se skládají z:
- Literálů: Přesné znaky, které se mají shodovat.
- Metaznaků: Speciální znaky, které mají zvláštní význam.
Metaznaky
| Metaznak | Význam |
|---|---|
. |
Libovolný znak (kromě nového řádku). |
* |
Opakování předchozího výrazu 0x nebo vícekrát. |
+ |
Opakování předchozího výrazu 1x nebo vícekrát. |
? |
Opakování předchozího výrazu 0x nebo 1x. |
[] |
Množina znaků. Např. [abc] se shoduje s a, b nebo c. |
() |
Skupina. Umožňuje seskupit výrazy a aplikovat na ně operátory. |
\ |
Escape sekvence. Umožňuje zrušit speciální význam metaznaku. Např. \. se shoduje s tečkou. |
| ` | ` |
^ |
Začátek řetězce (nebo řádku v multiline módu). |
$ |
Konec řetězce (nebo řádku v multiline módu). |
\d |
Číslice (ekvivalentní [0-9]). |
\w |
Alfanumerický znak nebo podtržítko (ekvivalentní [a-zA-Z0-9_]). |
\s |
Bílý znak (mezera, tabulátor, nový řádek). |
{n} |
Přesně n opakování předchozího výrazu. |
{n,} |
Nejméně n opakování předchozího výrazu. |
{n,m} |
Nejméně n a nejvýše m opakování předchozího výrazu. |
[^...] |
Negace množiny znaků. Např. [^abc] se shoduje s libovolným znakem kromě a, b a c. |
\b |
Hranice slova. |
\B |
Non-word boundary. |
\A |
Začátek řetězce. |
\Z |
Konec řetězce (před případným novým řádkem na konci). |
\z |
Konec řetězce. |
\t |
Tabulátor. |
\r |
Carriage return. |
\n |
Nový řádek. |
\v |
Vertikální tabulátor. |
\f |
Form feed. |
\e |
Escape character. |
\NNN |
Znak s oktalovým kódem NNN. |
\xXX |
Znak s hexadecimálním kódem XX. |
\uXXXX |
Znak s Unicode kódem XXXX. |
\cX |
Control-X charakter. |
(?:...) |
Non-capturing group. |
(?=...) |
Positive lookahead assertion. |
(?!...) |
Negative lookahead assertion. |
(?...) |
Named group. |
(?P=name) |
Backreference to a named group. |
(?#...) |
Comment. |
Příklady
[a-z]+- Shoduje se s jedním nebo více malými písmeny.\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{3}- Shoduje se s formátem rodného čísla.[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}- Shoduje se s e-mailovou adresou.^\s*$- Shoduje se s prázdným řádkem.- `` - Shoduje se s HTML tagem.
Použití
- Regulární výrazy se používají v mnoha programovacích jazycích a nástrojích, např.:
- Programovací jazyky: Python, JavaScript, Java, C#, PHP, atd.
- Textové editory: Notepad++, Sublime Text, VS Code, atd.
- Příkazová řádka: grep, sed, awk, atd.
- Databáze: MySQL, PostgreSQL, atd.
Guía breve de Markdown
¿Qué es Markdown?
- Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax.
- Created by John Gruber in 2004, Markdown is now one of the most popular markup languages in the world.
¿Por qué usar Markdown?
- It is ligero: Markdown files are text files.
- They are very easy to open and edit with any text editor.
- It is fácil de leer: The syntax of Markdown is very simple.
- Making it easy to read even in plain text format.
- It is fácil de convertir: Markdown files can be easily converted to other formats.
- Such as HTML, PDF, etc.
- It is portable: Markdown files can be opened on any operating system.
- It is versátil: Markdown can be used to write anything.
- From quick notes to complete books.
Sintaxis de Markdown
Encabezados
- The Markdown syntax for headers is very simple.
- Simply use one or more
#symbols at the beginning of the line - Followed by a space and the header text.
- The number of
#symbols determines the level of the header.
## Encabezado 1
## Encabezado 2
### Encabezado 3
#### Encabezado 4
##### Encabezado 5
###### Encabezado 6
Énfasis
- The Markdown syntax for emphasis is very simple.
- Simply use asterisks
*or underscores_to indicate the text.
- Texto en cursiva* o _Texto en cursiva_
- *Texto en negrita** o __Texto en negrita__
- **Texto en negrita y cursiva*** o ___Texto en negrita y cursiva___
Listas
- The Markdown syntax for lists is very simple.
- Simply use asterisks
*, hyphens-or numbers1.at the beginning of the line. - Followed by a space and the text of the list item.
- Elemento 1
- Elemento 2
- Elemento 3
- Elemento 1
- Elemento 2
- Elemento 3
1. Elemento 1
2. Elemento 2
3. Elemento 3
Enlaces
- The Markdown syntax for links is very simple.
- Simply use square brackets
[]to indicate the link text. - Followed by parentheses
()to indicate the link URL.
[Texto del enlace](URL del enlace)
- Titles can also be added to links.
- To be displayed when the user hovers over the link.
[Texto del enlace](URL del enlace "Título del enlace")
Imágenes
- The Markdown syntax for images is very similar to that of links.
- Simply use an exclamation mark
!at the beginning of the line. - Followed by square brackets
[]to indicate the alternative text of the image. - Followed by parentheses
()to indicate the image URL.
- Titles can also be added to the image.
- To be displayed when the user hovers over the image.
Código
- The Markdown syntax for code is very simple.
- Simply use backticks
`to indicate the code.
`Código en línea`
- To display a code block, use three backticks
```at the beginning and end.
Bloque de código
- The language of the code block can be indicated after the first three backticks.
```python
Bloque de código en Python
##### Tablas
- The Markdown syntax for tables is a bit more complicated, but still simple.
- Simply use hyphens `-` and vertical bars `|` to indicate the table cells.
```markdown
| Encabezado 1 | Encabezado 2 | Encabezado 3 |
| ------------ | ------------ | ------------ |
| Celda 1 | Celda 2 | Celda 3 |
| Celda 4 | Celda 5 | Celda 6 |
- The cell text can also be aligned using colons
:.
| Encabezado 1 | Encabezado 2 | Encabezado 3 |
| :----------- | :----------: | -----------: |
| Celda 1 | Celda 2 | Celda 3 |
| Celda 4 | Celda 5 | Celda 6 |
Citas
- The Markdown syntax for quotes is very simple.
- Simply use the
>symbol at the beginning of the line. - Followed by a space and the text of the quote.
> Esto es una cita.
Saltos de línea
- To create a line break in Markdown, simply leave two spaces at the end of the line.
Esto es una línea.
Esto es otra línea.
Reglas horizontales
- To create a horizontal rule in Markdown, simply use three or more asterisks
*, hyphens-or underscores_in a line.
- **
- --
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