Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the term 'thrombocytopenia' indicate?
What does the term 'thrombocytopenia' indicate?
- An excess of red blood cells
- An elevated white blood cell count
- An increased number of platelets
- A deficiency of platelets (correct)
In a patient with iron deficiency anemia, what would you expect to see in their FBC results?
In a patient with iron deficiency anemia, what would you expect to see in their FBC results?
- Hypochromic, microcytic red cells and low ferritin levels (correct)
- Normochromic, normocytic red cells and elevated ferritin levels
- Normochromic, macrocytic red cells and normal ferritin levels
- Hyperchromic, macrocytic red cells and elevated ferritin levels
Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of iron deficiency?
Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of iron deficiency?
- Dietary deficiency
- Vitamin B12 malabsorption (correct)
- Chronic blood loss
- Malabsorption in the GI tract
Why does B12 deficiency sometimes occur after a partial gastrectomy?
Why does B12 deficiency sometimes occur after a partial gastrectomy?
What is the most likely cause of macrocytic anemia in a chronic alcoholic with a poor diet?
What is the most likely cause of macrocytic anemia in a chronic alcoholic with a poor diet?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Which deficiency is most likely responsible?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Which deficiency is most likely responsible?
A patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which of the following antibodies would most likely be present?
A patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which of the following antibodies would most likely be present?
A patient with a history of Crohn's disease presents with macrocytic anemia. Despite adequate dietary intake of B12 and normal intrinsic factor levels, the anemia persists. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
A patient with a history of Crohn's disease presents with macrocytic anemia. Despite adequate dietary intake of B12 and normal intrinsic factor levels, the anemia persists. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
What is the underlying mechanism by which decreased oxygen tension leads to complications in sickle cell anemia?
What is the underlying mechanism by which decreased oxygen tension leads to complications in sickle cell anemia?
A patient presents with petechiae and is suspected of having immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Which of the following pathological processes is the MOST likely cause of their petechiae?
A patient presents with petechiae and is suspected of having immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Which of the following pathological processes is the MOST likely cause of their petechiae?
Why does the presence of sickling or thalassaemia trait warrant caution during sedation or general anaesthesia?
Why does the presence of sickling or thalassaemia trait warrant caution during sedation or general anaesthesia?
A patient is diagnosed with a high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Compared to low-grade lymphomas, high-grade lymphomas are typically characterized by:
A patient is diagnosed with a high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Compared to low-grade lymphomas, high-grade lymphomas are typically characterized by:
What is a common presenting symptom of multiple myeloma related to hypercalcemia?
What is a common presenting symptom of multiple myeloma related to hypercalcemia?
Which of the following is a critical diagnostic feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following is a critical diagnostic feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) disrupts normal blood cell production. Which of the following BEST describes the primary issue in MDS?
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) disrupts normal blood cell production. Which of the following BEST describes the primary issue in MDS?
A patient presents with normochromic normocytic anemia, bone pain, and elevated ESR. Which of the following laboratory findings would MOST strongly suggest a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
A patient presents with normochromic normocytic anemia, bone pain, and elevated ESR. Which of the following laboratory findings would MOST strongly suggest a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
Consider a scenario where a researcher is investigating the genetic basis of leukemia and aims to identify specific chromosomal translocations associated with different subtypes. Which of the following molecular techniques would be MOST appropriate for this purpose?
Consider a scenario where a researcher is investigating the genetic basis of leukemia and aims to identify specific chromosomal translocations associated with different subtypes. Which of the following molecular techniques would be MOST appropriate for this purpose?
A 25-year-old female presents with fatigue, easy bruising, and frequent infections. Her CBC reveals pancytopenia, and a bone marrow biopsy demonstrates hypocellularity with no evidence of abnormal cells. Further testing is performed, and she is found to have shortened telomeres and mutations in genes involved in telomere maintenance. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely responsible for her presentation?
A 25-year-old female presents with fatigue, easy bruising, and frequent infections. Her CBC reveals pancytopenia, and a bone marrow biopsy demonstrates hypocellularity with no evidence of abnormal cells. Further testing is performed, and she is found to have shortened telomeres and mutations in genes involved in telomere maintenance. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely responsible for her presentation?
Which of the following is a common treatment modality for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
Which of the following is a common treatment modality for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
A patient with Haemophilia A may benefit from which of the following treatments?
A patient with Haemophilia A may benefit from which of the following treatments?
What is the primary mechanism of action of DDAVP in the context of Haemophilia A?
What is the primary mechanism of action of DDAVP in the context of Haemophilia A?
Why is DDAVP ineffective in Haemophilia B?
Why is DDAVP ineffective in Haemophilia B?
What is the most common inheritance pattern of von Willebrand Disease (VWD)?
What is the most common inheritance pattern of von Willebrand Disease (VWD)?
Which of the following best describes the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)?
Which of the following best describes the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)?
A patient with Von Willebrand's Disease (VWD) is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which of the following factors would MOST influence the choice of treatment?
A patient with Von Willebrand's Disease (VWD) is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which of the following factors would MOST influence the choice of treatment?
Factor V Leiden increases the risk of thrombosis due to which of the following mechanisms?
Factor V Leiden increases the risk of thrombosis due to which of the following mechanisms?
Why is Vitamin K deficiency linked to decreased clotting factors in patients with liver problems?
Why is Vitamin K deficiency linked to decreased clotting factors in patients with liver problems?
What is the primary mechanism by which DDAVP aids in managing mild haemophilia A and type I von Willebrand disease (vWD)?
What is the primary mechanism by which DDAVP aids in managing mild haemophilia A and type I von Willebrand disease (vWD)?
In a patient with a known bleeding disorder undergoing a minor surgical procedure, what is the MOST appropriate initial step in management, assuming that bleeding is not immediately life-threatening?
In a patient with a known bleeding disorder undergoing a minor surgical procedure, what is the MOST appropriate initial step in management, assuming that bleeding is not immediately life-threatening?
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in patients with bleeding disorders?
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in patients with bleeding disorders?
A patient with severe Haemophilia A is scheduled for an emergency tooth extraction. Pre-operatively his Factor VIII level is at 2%. The hospital laboratory is experiencing delays and cannot confirm Factor VIII levels until 4 hours post-replacement therapy. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate immediate next step?
A patient with severe Haemophilia A is scheduled for an emergency tooth extraction. Pre-operatively his Factor VIII level is at 2%. The hospital laboratory is experiencing delays and cannot confirm Factor VIII levels until 4 hours post-replacement therapy. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate immediate next step?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction. According to SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction. According to SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
What laboratory value is used to monitor the effectiveness of Heparin?
What laboratory value is used to monitor the effectiveness of Heparin?
A patient taking Rivaroxaban once daily in the morning is scheduled for a gingival biopsy. Following SDCEP guidelines, when should they take their Rivaroxaban dose?
A patient taking Rivaroxaban once daily in the morning is scheduled for a gingival biopsy. Following SDCEP guidelines, when should they take their Rivaroxaban dose?
According to the information provided and general medical knowledge, which of the following dental procedures would be classified as 'low risk of bleeding' in a patient taking DOACs?
According to the information provided and general medical knowledge, which of the following dental procedures would be classified as 'low risk of bleeding' in a patient taking DOACs?
A 70-year-old female patient's Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is 45 mm/hr. Based on the age-dependent formula provided, how should this value be interpreted?
A 70-year-old female patient's Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is 45 mm/hr. Based on the age-dependent formula provided, how should this value be interpreted?
What laboratory findings would MOST strongly suggest iron deficiency anemia?
What laboratory findings would MOST strongly suggest iron deficiency anemia?
Which of the following is the MOST common cause of normocytic anemia?
Which of the following is the MOST common cause of normocytic anemia?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia. Measurement of serum levels of Vitamin B12 and red cell folate are within normal range. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia. Measurement of serum levels of Vitamin B12 and red cell folate are within normal range. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
Which of the following is a potential cause of Folate deficiency?
Which of the following is a potential cause of Folate deficiency?
What is the typical treatment for B12 deficiency caused by pernicious anemia?
What is the typical treatment for B12 deficiency caused by pernicious anemia?
In cases of suspected B12 deficiency, which initial test is MOST useful in determining the underlying cause?
In cases of suspected B12 deficiency, which initial test is MOST useful in determining the underlying cause?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and poor diet presents with macrocytic anemia. After initial treatment with thiamine, what is the MOST appropriate next step in management?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and poor diet presents with macrocytic anemia. After initial treatment with thiamine, what is the MOST appropriate next step in management?
A researcher is evaluating the complete blood count (CBC) results of several patients to identify instances of 'paenia' and 'cytosis'. Which of the following scenarios correctly matches the condition with its definition?
A researcher is evaluating the complete blood count (CBC) results of several patients to identify instances of 'paenia' and 'cytosis'. Which of the following scenarios correctly matches the condition with its definition?
Methotrexate is contraindicated in patients who consume which substance in excess?
Methotrexate is contraindicated in patients who consume which substance in excess?
What is the general recommendation for blood transfusions in patients, assuming no other complications?
What is the general recommendation for blood transfusions in patients, assuming no other complications?
A patient has a consistently high white cell count of 40 x 10^9/l. Which condition is LEAST likely to be responsible?
A patient has a consistently high white cell count of 40 x 10^9/l. Which condition is LEAST likely to be responsible?
A patient presents with a suspected bacterial infection. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count of?
A patient presents with a suspected bacterial infection. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count of?
A patient presents with a platelet count of 30 x 10^9/l. What dental treatment considerations must be taken?
A patient presents with a platelet count of 30 x 10^9/l. What dental treatment considerations must be taken?
A patient taking Warfarin requires a dental extraction. What is the MOST important consideration regarding their INR?
A patient taking Warfarin requires a dental extraction. What is the MOST important consideration regarding their INR?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a higher risk procedure in the afternoon. Following SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a higher risk procedure in the afternoon. Following SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
A 75-year-old male patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 48 mm/hr. According to the age-dependent formula, which of the following interpretations is MOST accurate?
A 75-year-old male patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 48 mm/hr. According to the age-dependent formula, which of the following interpretations is MOST accurate?
According to normal FBC values, which of the following Haemoglobin levels would be considered normal for a female?
According to normal FBC values, which of the following Haemoglobin levels would be considered normal for a female?
What laboratory findings are characteristic of iron deficiency anaemia?
What laboratory findings are characteristic of iron deficiency anaemia?
A patient presents with anaemia, and initial blood tests reveal a low haemoglobin level but a normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Which of the following types of anaemia is MOST likely?
A patient presents with anaemia, and initial blood tests reveal a low haemoglobin level but a normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Which of the following types of anaemia is MOST likely?
Which of the following is an example of 'cytosis'?
Which of the following is an example of 'cytosis'?
A patient presents with fatigue and is diagnosed with macrocytic anaemia. Assuming dietary history and other common causes have been ruled out, what medication could potentially be contributing to this condition?
A patient presents with fatigue and is diagnosed with macrocytic anaemia. Assuming dietary history and other common causes have been ruled out, what medication could potentially be contributing to this condition?
What is the average storage duration of folate and B12 in the human body, respectively?
What is the average storage duration of folate and B12 in the human body, respectively?
In pernicious anaemia, which immunological abnormality directly leads to the malabsorption of vitamin B12?
In pernicious anaemia, which immunological abnormality directly leads to the malabsorption of vitamin B12?
Following a partial gastrectomy, a patient develops B12 deficiency despite adequate dietary intake and absence of intrinsic factor antibodies. What is the MOST likely mechanism behind this deficiency?
Following a partial gastrectomy, a patient develops B12 deficiency despite adequate dietary intake and absence of intrinsic factor antibodies. What is the MOST likely mechanism behind this deficiency?
Which of the following platelet counts would be classified as thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following platelet counts would be classified as thrombocytopenia?
For a patient on Warfarin requiring dental treatment, what is the MOST important consideration regarding their INR?
For a patient on Warfarin requiring dental treatment, what is the MOST important consideration regarding their INR?
A patient requires a flap raising procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, this is classifies as which risk of bleeding.
A patient requires a flap raising procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, this is classifies as which risk of bleeding.
Why are serial APTT measurements essential when a patient is administered Heparin?
Why are serial APTT measurements essential when a patient is administered Heparin?
A 60-year-old male patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 40 mm/hr. How should this value be interpreted?
A 60-year-old male patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 40 mm/hr. How should this value be interpreted?
What is the MOST likely reason tranexamic acid is used as a mouthwash following dental procedures for patients with platelet abnormalities?
What is the MOST likely reason tranexamic acid is used as a mouthwash following dental procedures for patients with platelet abnormalities?
A patient on Rivaroxaban (once daily in the morning) is having a higher-risk procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, which action is MOST appropriate?
A patient on Rivaroxaban (once daily in the morning) is having a higher-risk procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, which action is MOST appropriate?
A patient has severely decreased lymphocytes. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely responsible?
A patient has severely decreased lymphocytes. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely responsible?
A patient's FBC results show a Haemoglobin level of 90 g/l. According to the provided normal ranges, how should this be interpreted for a female patient?
A patient's FBC results show a Haemoglobin level of 90 g/l. According to the provided normal ranges, how should this be interpreted for a female patient?
Which of the following combinations of FBC results is MOST indicative of iron deficiency anaemia?
Which of the following combinations of FBC results is MOST indicative of iron deficiency anaemia?
In the context of haematology, which term describes a condition with an abnormally high number of neutrophils in the blood?
In the context of haematology, which term describes a condition with an abnormally high number of neutrophils in the blood?
Which type of anaemia is MOST likely associated with chronic kidney disease?
Which type of anaemia is MOST likely associated with chronic kidney disease?
A patient presents with glossitis and peripheral neuropathy, and their blood tests reveal macrocytosis. Which vitamin deficiency is MOST likely the cause?
A patient presents with glossitis and peripheral neuropathy, and their blood tests reveal macrocytosis. Which vitamin deficiency is MOST likely the cause?
What is the primary function of tranexamic acid in managing platelet abnormalities in dental patients?
What is the primary function of tranexamic acid in managing platelet abnormalities in dental patients?
A patient with a history of total gastrectomy is being evaluated for anaemia. Despite normal dietary intake of B12, they exhibit signs and symptoms of deficiency. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
A patient with a history of total gastrectomy is being evaluated for anaemia. Despite normal dietary intake of B12, they exhibit signs and symptoms of deficiency. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction in the afternoon. According to SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction in the afternoon. According to SDCEP guidelines, what is the correct course of action regarding their morning dose?
A patient presents with macrocytic anaemia. Serum B12 and folate levels are within normal limits. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine. Which vitamin deficiency, if any, is MOST likely present?
A patient presents with macrocytic anaemia. Serum B12 and folate levels are within normal limits. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine. Which vitamin deficiency, if any, is MOST likely present?
Which dental procedure, according to SDCEP guidelines for patients on DOACs, is classified as having a higher risk of bleeding?
Which dental procedure, according to SDCEP guidelines for patients on DOACs, is classified as having a higher risk of bleeding?
Following a bone marrow transplant, a patient develops macrocytic anemia. All common causes of B12 and Folate deficiency have been ruled out. Acyclovir - an antiviral - is part of their prescription. What is the MOST probable cause of their macrocytic anemia?
Following a bone marrow transplant, a patient develops macrocytic anemia. All common causes of B12 and Folate deficiency have been ruled out. Acyclovir - an antiviral - is part of their prescription. What is the MOST probable cause of their macrocytic anemia?
A patient's blood test reveals an elevated white blood cell count, predominantly neutrophils. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A patient's blood test reveals an elevated white blood cell count, predominantly neutrophils. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
According to the information provided, which type of white blood cell would be elevated in a patient experiencing an allergic reaction?
According to the information provided, which type of white blood cell would be elevated in a patient experiencing an allergic reaction?
A patient presents with a consistently low lymphocyte count. What condition is LEAST likely to cause this?
A patient presents with a consistently low lymphocyte count. What condition is LEAST likely to cause this?
What is a critical consideration for dental treatment when a patient's platelet count is consistently below 50 x 10^9/l?
What is a critical consideration for dental treatment when a patient's platelet count is consistently below 50 x 10^9/l?
A patient presents with a history of controlled hypertension and is on Rivaroxaban (Factor Xa inhibitor) once daily in the morning. They require a flap raising procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, which action is MOST appropriate?
A patient presents with a history of controlled hypertension and is on Rivaroxaban (Factor Xa inhibitor) once daily in the morning. They require a flap raising procedure. According to SDCEP guidelines, which action is MOST appropriate?
What is the most likely cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
What is the most likely cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
Which of the following best describes 'thrombocytosis'?
Which of the following best describes 'thrombocytosis'?
Which of the following conditions would MOST likely lead to normocytic anaemia?
Which of the following conditions would MOST likely lead to normocytic anaemia?
Why might a patient who has undergone a partial gastrectomy be at risk of developing B12 deficiency?
Why might a patient who has undergone a partial gastrectomy be at risk of developing B12 deficiency?
A patient presents with fatigue and lab results indicate macrocytic anaemia. Assuming dietary information and common causes have been investigated and ruled out, which medication is MOST likely contributing to this condition?
A patient presents with fatigue and lab results indicate macrocytic anaemia. Assuming dietary information and common causes have been investigated and ruled out, which medication is MOST likely contributing to this condition?
In the context of pernicious anemia, what is the primary immunological mechanism leading to vitamin B12 malabsorption?
In the context of pernicious anemia, what is the primary immunological mechanism leading to vitamin B12 malabsorption?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and poor diet presents with macrocytic anemia. After initial thiamine administration, what is the MOST appropriate next step?
A patient with a history of alcoholism and poor diet presents with macrocytic anemia. After initial thiamine administration, what is the MOST appropriate next step?
A researcher is investigating potential causes for a patient's macrocytic anemia. Serum B12 and folate levels are normal. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of both methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine. Which vitamin deficiency is MOST likely present?
A researcher is investigating potential causes for a patient's macrocytic anemia. Serum B12 and folate levels are normal. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of both methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine. Which vitamin deficiency is MOST likely present?
In a patient with acute leukaemia, which of the following is the MOST likely presenting symptom?
In a patient with acute leukaemia, which of the following is the MOST likely presenting symptom?
What is the underlying cause of petechiae in cases of severe thrombocytopenia?
What is the underlying cause of petechiae in cases of severe thrombocytopenia?
In the context of sickle cell anaemia, what triggers red blood cells to sickle?
In the context of sickle cell anaemia, what triggers red blood cells to sickle?
What is the primary defect in thalassaemia?
What is the primary defect in thalassaemia?
Why is caution advised regarding decreased oxygen tension in patients with sickle cell trait or thalassaemia trait, especially during sedation or general anaesthesia?
Why is caution advised regarding decreased oxygen tension in patients with sickle cell trait or thalassaemia trait, especially during sedation or general anaesthesia?
What is the MOST common initial symptom of lymphoma?
What is the MOST common initial symptom of lymphoma?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of immature cells in the bone marrow that do not mature into functional blood cells?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of immature cells in the bone marrow that do not mature into functional blood cells?
A patient with multiple myeloma is MOST likely to be prescribed which medication?
A patient with multiple myeloma is MOST likely to be prescribed which medication?
What is the significance of Bence Jones protein in the urine of a patient suspected of having multiple myeloma?
What is the significance of Bence Jones protein in the urine of a patient suspected of having multiple myeloma?
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in patients with inherited or acquired bleeding disorders?
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in patients with inherited or acquired bleeding disorders?
What is the primary mechanism by which tranexamic acid helps to control bleeding?
What is the primary mechanism by which tranexamic acid helps to control bleeding?
A patient with mild Haemophilia A requires a minor dental procedure. What would be the MOST appropriate initial treatment to prepare the patient for the procedure?
A patient with mild Haemophilia A requires a minor dental procedure. What would be the MOST appropriate initial treatment to prepare the patient for the procedure?
A patient with a known bleeding disorder is being considered for a surgical procedure. What platelet count is generally considered safe to proceed with surgery?
A patient with a known bleeding disorder is being considered for a surgical procedure. What platelet count is generally considered safe to proceed with surgery?
A patient with severe Haemophilia A (Factor VIII <1%) is scheduled for an elective knee replacement. Current guidelines suggest maintaining a trough level between 50-100% for major surgery. They are currently on prophylactic Factor VIII replacement at 30 IU/kg three times per week. A standard vial contains 500 IU of Factor VIII. If the patient weighs 70 kg and based on the available Factor VIII vials and known frequency of administration, how could you increase the dosing to minimally attempt to achieve these high levels?
A patient with severe Haemophilia A (Factor VIII <1%) is scheduled for an elective knee replacement. Current guidelines suggest maintaining a trough level between 50-100% for major surgery. They are currently on prophylactic Factor VIII replacement at 30 IU/kg three times per week. A standard vial contains 500 IU of Factor VIII. If the patient weighs 70 kg and based on the available Factor VIII vials and known frequency of administration, how could you increase the dosing to minimally attempt to achieve these high levels?
What is the PRIMARY mechanism of action of DDAVP in managing mild Haemophilia A?
What is the PRIMARY mechanism of action of DDAVP in managing mild Haemophilia A?
Why is DDAVP typically ineffective in treating Haemophilia B?
Why is DDAVP typically ineffective in treating Haemophilia B?
Which statement BEST describes the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)?
Which statement BEST describes the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)?
What is the primary mechanism by which Factor V Leiden increases the risk of thrombosis?
What is the primary mechanism by which Factor V Leiden increases the risk of thrombosis?
Besides Factor VIII or IX concentrates, which of the following medications may be beneficial in certain bleeding disorders due to its antifibrinolytic properties?
Besides Factor VIII or IX concentrates, which of the following medications may be beneficial in certain bleeding disorders due to its antifibrinolytic properties?
A previously healthy 30 year old male patient presents with sudden extensive bruising after a minor bump. His labs show a prolonged APTT but normal PT. His Factor VIII level is normal but his vWF activity is very low. Which of the following antibodies would MOST strongly suggest a diagnosis of Acquired von Willebrand Disease?
A previously healthy 30 year old male patient presents with sudden extensive bruising after a minor bump. His labs show a prolonged APTT but normal PT. His Factor VIII level is normal but his vWF activity is very low. Which of the following antibodies would MOST strongly suggest a diagnosis of Acquired von Willebrand Disease?
A 62-year-old patient with a history of autoimmune disease presents with mucocutaneous bleeding and an isolated prolonged APTT. Initial investigations reveal normal levels of Factor VIII and Factor IX. However, mixing studies fail to correct the prolonged APTT, and further testing reveals the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. Which of the following statements BEST describes the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
A 62-year-old patient with a history of autoimmune disease presents with mucocutaneous bleeding and an isolated prolonged APTT. Initial investigations reveal normal levels of Factor VIII and Factor IX. However, mixing studies fail to correct the prolonged APTT, and further testing reveals the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. Which of the following statements BEST describes the MOST likely underlying mechanism?
According to SDCEP guidelines, which of the following dental procedures is classified as having a 'low risk of bleeding' in a patient taking DOACs?
According to SDCEP guidelines, which of the following dental procedures is classified as having a 'low risk of bleeding' in a patient taking DOACs?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction in the morning. Following SDCEP guidelines, what modification to their medication is MOST appropriate?
A patient taking Dabigatran twice daily is scheduled for a complex extraction in the morning. Following SDCEP guidelines, what modification to their medication is MOST appropriate?
What is the MOST appropriate method for monitoring the effectiveness of Heparin?
What is the MOST appropriate method for monitoring the effectiveness of Heparin?
A 68-year-old female patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 42 mm/hr. The normal range is Men = Age divided by 2, and women Age +10 divided by 2. How should this value be interpreted?
A 68-year-old female patient has an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 42 mm/hr. The normal range is Men = Age divided by 2, and women Age +10 divided by 2. How should this value be interpreted?
A patient taking Rivaroxaban (a direct Factor Xa inhibitor) once daily in the evening is scheduled for a dental extraction. According to SDCEP guidelines, which course of action is MOST appropriate regarding the timing of their Rivaroxaban dose?
A patient taking Rivaroxaban (a direct Factor Xa inhibitor) once daily in the evening is scheduled for a dental extraction. According to SDCEP guidelines, which course of action is MOST appropriate regarding the timing of their Rivaroxaban dose?
Flashcards
Anaemia
Anaemia
Low haemoglobin levels due to a decreased red cell mass.
Hypochromic, microcytic
Hypochromic, microcytic
Red blood cells that are smaller and paler than normal.
Cytosis
Cytosis
Too many cells in the blood.
Paenia
Paenia
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Microcytic hypochromic anaemia
Microcytic hypochromic anaemia
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Normocytic anaemia
Normocytic anaemia
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Macrocytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
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Pernicious Anaemia
Pernicious Anaemia
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Petechiae
Petechiae
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Thalassaemias
Thalassaemias
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Leukaemia
Leukaemia
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Acute Leukaemias
Acute Leukaemias
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Bone Marrow Failure
Bone Marrow Failure
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Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
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Myeloma
Myeloma
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Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma
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Lymphoma Symptoms
Lymphoma Symptoms
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Local Haemostatic Measures
Local Haemostatic Measures
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Inherited Bleeding Disorders
Inherited Bleeding Disorders
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia
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Management of vWD
Management of vWD
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Management of Platelet Abnormality
Management of Platelet Abnormality
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NHL Treatment
NHL Treatment
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Vascular Defects (Bleeding)
Vascular Defects (Bleeding)
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DDAVP
DDAVP
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Anti-fibrinolytics
Anti-fibrinolytics
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von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
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Factor V Leiden
Factor V Leiden
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Warfarin & INR
Warfarin & INR
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Heparin & APTT
Heparin & APTT
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Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors
Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors
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DOACs & Low Bleeding Risk
DOACs & Low Bleeding Risk
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
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Haematocrit
Haematocrit
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
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Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
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Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
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Ferritin
Ferritin
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Folate Deficiency - Causes
Folate Deficiency - Causes
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B12 Deficiency - Aetiology
B12 Deficiency - Aetiology
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Pernicious Anaemia Associations
Pernicious Anaemia Associations
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Methotrexate and Alcohol
Methotrexate and Alcohol
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'Blood' Transfusions
'Blood' Transfusions
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Normal White Cell Count
Normal White Cell Count
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Neutrophil Count Changes
Neutrophil Count Changes
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Lymphocyte Count Changes
Lymphocyte Count Changes
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Thrombocytopaenia
Thrombocytopaenia
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Dabigatran
Dabigatran
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Rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban
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Eosinophils: Increase
Eosinophils: Increase
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Platelet Functional Defects
Platelet Functional Defects
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Warfarin & Dental
Warfarin & Dental
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Dabigatran & Bleeding
Dabigatran & Bleeding
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Rivaroxaban: Daily dose
Rivaroxaban: Daily dose
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Rivaroxaban - Evening Dose
Rivaroxaban - Evening Dose
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ESR Calculation
ESR Calculation
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Full Blood Count (FBC)
Full Blood Count (FBC)
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Possible Causes of Iron Deficiency
Possible Causes of Iron Deficiency
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Folate Food Sources
Folate Food Sources
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Source of B12
Source of B12
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Normal Haemoglobin levels
Normal Haemoglobin levels
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Normal MCV
Normal MCV
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Methotrexate & Alcohol
Methotrexate & Alcohol
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Myelodysplasia
Myelodysplasia
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Neutrophils: Increase
Neutrophils: Increase
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Lymphocytes: Increase
Lymphocytes: Increase
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Normal Platelet Count
Normal Platelet Count
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Platelet Transfusions
Platelet Transfusions
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Liaise with haematologist
Liaise with haematologist
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Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Tranexamic Acid
Tranexamic Acid
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NSAIDs & Bleeding Disorders
NSAIDs & Bleeding Disorders
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Liver Disease & Bleeding
Liver Disease & Bleeding
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Haemophilia A/B
Haemophilia A/B
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Platelet Count Threshold
Platelet Count Threshold
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Vascular Defects
Vascular Defects
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Haemophilia A Treatment
Haemophilia A Treatment
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Haemophilia B Treatment
Haemophilia B Treatment
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VWD Subtypes
VWD Subtypes
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VWD Management
VWD Management
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Heparin Monitoring
Heparin Monitoring
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DOACs & Low Risk Procedures
DOACs & Low Risk Procedures
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DOACs and High Bleeding Risk
DOACs and High Bleeding Risk
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Haematological Issues
Haematological Issues
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Study Notes
White Cell Fractions and Action
- Increases in neutrophil counts indicates bacterial infection, trauma, or surgery.
- Decreases in neutrophil counts correlates with viral infections or the use of certain drugs.
Haemophilia Management
- Maintain close communication with the Haemophilia Centre for all patients
- Administer DDAVP infusion for cases of mild haemophilia.
- Factor VIII or IX replacement is necessary for moderate to severe cases, monitor levels during treatment.
- Employ atraumatic surgical techniques.
- Apply local haemostatic measures.
- Prescribe oral tranexamic acid or a tranexamic acid mouthwash.
Management of vWD Patients
- Maintain close communication with the Haemophilia Centre and document all communications.
- DDAVP infusion is indicated for type I vWD, a mild yet common type. Employ atraumatic surgical techniques.
- Apply local haemostatic measures.
- Prescribe oral tranexamic acid or a tranexamic acid mouthwash.
- If required VWD replacement measures should be considered.
Palteate Issues and Management
- Before starting the application of treatment, identify the cause of any palette issues.
- In many cases paltelet conditions are often reversible - therefore its safe to delay treatment or consider a non-urgent surgery
- A platelet count > 50 x 109/l is generally considered safe for surgery.
- Aspirin may resolve Functinal defects.
- Other defects may be rare but in these cases platelet transfusions or DDAVP may be needed
Platelet Abnormalitys
- Management should include a Close liaison with the Haemophilia Centre
- Some treatments needed include plateaet replacement, with plateaet transfusion or DDAVP
- Apply atraumatic surgical techniques, such as less aggressive extraction methods.
- Employ Local haemostatic measures techniques such as gel foams or sutures are helpful.
- Also prescribe Oral tranexamic acid or a tranexamic acid mouthwash for its anti-fibrinolytic properties. Treat the patients for any other underlaying conditions first.
DRUGS to manage the conditions
- For Warfarin type treatments, INR needs to be 4 or less, always combined with local haemostatic measures.
- While Employing Heparin it should be measured by APTT.
- Is importnat concider the use of Low molecular weight heparins
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
- These methods should employ Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
Thrombin Treatment of Thrombocytopenia
- Dabigatran can be employed and is a Thrombin inhibitor
- Effects of Dabigatran is Not reflected in INR
- As standard practice Its a Linear dose-response treatment
Alternate Treatment of Thrombocytopenia
- Rivaroxaban may also help patients with this conditions
- This is known to a Direct Factor Xa inhibitor in treatment type
Treat ment depanding on the risks on Thrombocytopenia
- Simple extractions (1-3 teeth) can help Patients with DOACs, and with a Low Risk of bleeding (SDCEP)
- If treatment requires an Incision and drainage this is a lower risk technique
- Further more a Detailed perio. examination can also help without great risk
- A RSI procedure is known to maintain patient comfort with little impact
- Patients may also Employ Restorations with sub-gingival margins
High Risk Treatments in Thrombocytopenia
- It Is key to Employ Treatmetns where possible which have a DOACs-Lower risk of bleeding standard proceedure
- Higher risk treatments include: Complex/adjacent extractions
- Furthermore consider patients with a Flap raising procedures
- It has be shown that Patients having Gingival re-contouring are very likeley candidates for an infection
- As a results Patients having Biopsies may have post operative risks after their procedure
Action where patients are high risks and using Dabigatran
- Dabigatran- if treating a patient and there dosage twice a day, advise the patient to miss their morning dose and ensure that they give themseclves the evening dose- providing is > 4 hours after providing of haemostasis
Action where is high risk and Rivaroxaban is being used On a day -morning schedule
- Its vital to Delay a patients morning dose- provide a dose four hours post haemostasis after there treatment if treating on a day-morning schedule
Action where is high risk and Rivaroxaban is being used On a day -evening schedule
- Its essential that when treating a patient on a a day-evening to give dose to your patients at their usual time in the evening. But only do this when treatment/the evening time provides a greater than (>) Four hours. Its important to post provide haemostasis with its proceedure.
Key to determining treatment - Erythrocyte testing
- In short with the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): it’s a non-specific indicator of a presence of a disease
- However its still important to concuider It’s an age dependent testing regime
- Determination should go as following: Men = Age divide by 2, for woen = Age +10 divided by 2
Summary of Treatment Management
- Upon Summary numerous Haematological issues do impact on dental practice, always concider these before applying treatments
- When there is a doubt about application: always liaise with a qualified haematologist and document all changes
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Description
Explore anaemia, its causes related to low haemoglobin, and normal FBC appearance. Learn about iron deficiency anaemia, characterised by low Hb, MCV, and ferritin levels. Understand normal blood count values and terminology like 'cytosis' and 'paenia'.
