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Questions and Answers
What is another name for the highest positive or negative value obtained by an alternating quantity in a single full cycle?
What does 'f=1/T' represent in the context of alternating quantities?
How is the time taken in seconds by a voltage or current to complete one cycle denoted?
What is the shape created by charting the instantaneous values of an alternating variable like voltage and current along the y-axis and time (t) or angle along the x-axis?
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Which value represents the difference between the peak positive value and the peak negative value of a sine wave?
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What does 'Vm' represent when discussing alternating quantities?
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What does 'Im' represent when discussing alternating quantities?
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Which term is used to describe the value of voltage or current at any given time?
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What unit is frequency measured in?
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During each complete cycle of an AC signal, how many peak values are there?
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What is the average value of alternating current over a complete cycle for sinusoidal waves?
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What is the formula for the average current for one alteration in a sinusoidal waveform?
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What is the RMS value of an AC wave defined as?
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In a purely resistive AC circuit, what is dissipated by the resistors?
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What does a purely inductive circuit contain?
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What is the phase angle between voltage and current in a pure resistive AC circuit?
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In a purely inductive circuit, by how many degrees does the current lag behind the voltage?
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What opposes the flow of current in a circuit with inductance?
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What is the average value formula of alternating quantities for sinusoidal waves?
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What does RMS stand for concerning AC power?
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What is the phase angle when XL > XC in an RLC Series Circuit?
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In what scenario does the RLC Series Circuit behave like a purely resistive circuit?
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What is the total opposition offered to the flow of current by an RLC Circuit known as?
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What is the power factor when XL < XC in an RLC Series Circuit?
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What is the formula for calculating total impedance (Z) in an RLC Series Circuit?
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What is the relationship between voltage across the resistor and current in an RLC Series Circuit?
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When XL = XC, how does the voltage across each element in an RLC Series Circuit behave?
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What happens to the circuit behavior when XL < XC in an RLC Series Circuit?
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What is the key difference between voltage across the inductor and voltage across the capacitor in an RLC Series Circuit?
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What does a positive phase angle signify when analyzing an RLC Series Circuit?
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What is the relationship between current and voltage in a pure inductive AC circuit?
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In a circuit with a pure capacitor only, what is responsible for storing electric power?
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What happens to a capacitor when the supply is turned off?
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In an RL Series Circuit, what is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current called?
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What is the impedance of an RL Series Circuit composed of pure resistance and pure inductance?
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Study Notes
Alternating Current (AC) Basics
- Amplitude: The highest positive or negative value of an alternating quantity in a single full cycle, denoted by Em or Vm for voltage and Im for current.
- One Full Cycle: A collection of positive and negative values that completes a full rotation of 360 degrees electrically.
- Instantaneous Value: The value of voltage or current at any given time, denoted by i or e.
- Frequency: The number of cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (c/s).
- Time Period: The time taken in seconds to complete one cycle, denoted by T.
- Waveform: A shape created by charting instantaneous values of an alternating variable along the y-axis and time (t) or angle (θ) along the x-axis.
Peak and Peak-to-Peak Values
- Peak Value: The maximum value obtained in either the positive or negative direction, measured from zero.
- Peak-to-Peak Value: The difference between the peak positive value and the peak negative value, which is twice the maximum or peak value.
Average Value of AC
- Average Value: The average of instantaneous values over a complete cycle, which is zero for asymmetrical waves.
- Formulae: Vavg = 0.636 Vmax for voltage, and Iavg = 0.636 Imax for current.
RMS Value of AC Wave
- RMS Value: The square root of the mean of squares of instantaneous values, equivalent to the DC power that generates the same heating effect.
- Definition: The amount of AC power that generates the same heating effect as an equivalent DC power.
Purely Resistive Circuit
- Circuit Characteristics: Contains only pure resistance R ohms, with no effect of inductance and capacitance.
- Voltage and Current: Move in both directions, producing a sine wave.
- Power Dissipation: By resistors, with no phase difference between voltage and current.
Purely Inductive Circuit
- Circuit Characteristics: Contains only inductance, with no effect of resistance and capacitance.
- Current: Lags behind the voltage by 90 degrees.
- Inductive Reactance: The opposition to the flow of current, caused by the time-varying magnetic field.
RLC Series Circuit
- Circuit Characteristics: Contains a combination of resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
- Impedance: The total opposition to the flow of current, denoted by Z.
- Phase Angle: The angle between the applied voltage and current, dependent on the relative values of XL and XC.
Phasor Diagram
- Phasor Diagram: A graphical representation of the voltage and current in an RLC circuit.
- Circuit Behaviour: Can be inductive, capacitive, or purely resistive, depending on the relative values of XL and XC.
Problem Solving
- Example Problem: A series circuit with R = 200, L = 0.08H, C = 100µF, and a 250V, 50Hz supply.
- Solutions: Calculating reactance, current, impedance, power factor, power consumed, and voltage across each element.
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Description
Learn about the concept of amplitude in electrical engineering, which refers to the peak or maximum value of an alternating quantity in a single full cycle. Explore terms like maximum voltage, maximum current, one full cycle, instantaneous value, and frequency.
