Questions and Answers
What is the underclass?
The underclass is a contested concept that refers to groups marginalized in society, often lacking participation in the labor market and facing negative connotations.
According to Runciman, what defines the underclass in the UK?
Runciman argues that a clearly defined underclass exists in the UK, made up of individuals unable to participate in the labor market.
What is the first characteristic of the underclass?
Long-term unemployment
What is the second characteristic of the underclass?
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What is the third characteristic of the underclass?
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How should the underclass not be confused with social exclusion?
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What is a significant concern regarding the modern UK related to the underclass?
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What is the concept of social exclusion?
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Study Notes
Underclass Overview
- The underclass is a contested concept with varying interpretations.
- It often carries negative connotations, leading to the labeling and marginalization of certain societal groups.
- The term gained prominence in the USA during the 1980s and was introduced to British sociology in the 1990s.
- Explanations for the underclass' emergence can be categorized into cultural theories (associated with the New Right) and structural theories (linked to Marxist and Weberian perspectives).
Runciman & Roberts Definitions
- Runciman posits that a distinct underclass exists in the UK, comprised of individuals unable to engage in the labor market.
- Roberts (1997) defines the underclass as occupying a structural position at the bottom of the class system, characterized by specific attributes.
Characteristics of the Underclass
- Long-term unemployment is a significant characteristic of the underclass.
- Members of the underclass often exhibit specific social and cultural outlooks that differentiate them from other social classes.
- Individuals within this group are frequently economically excluded, lacking access to stable financial resources.
Underclass vs. Social Exclusion
- The underclass concept intertwines aspects of economic disadvantage and social exclusion; however, they are not synonymous.
- Social exclusion refers to individuals on the margins of society, lacking employment history and relying heavily on state benefits, often linked to elevated crime rates.
- In response to fears of urban unrest and social discontent, the UK government established the Social Exclusion Unit in 1997 to address economic, social, and cultural deprivation issues.
Concept of Social Exclusion
- There are similarities between the underclass and social exclusion concepts, but the underclass is viewed as a distinct part of the social class structure.
- While social mobility is possible, it is exceedingly challenging for individuals categorized as underclass to escape their situation.
- In contrast, the government's framework for social exclusion posits that individuals have the potential to improve their social standing.
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Description
Explore the complex concept of the underclass in sociology with flashcards designed for A2 level. Understand its definitions, implications, and the sociological debates surrounding it. This quiz aims to clarify the term's use and its societal effects.
