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Aristotle believed that the pursuit of virtue was essential for a successful and ethical life, leading to the achievement of ______.
Aristotle believed that the pursuit of virtue was essential for a successful and ethical life, leading to the achievement of ______.
eudaimonia
Utilitarians assess actions based on their ability to increase ______, which is often associated with pleasure.
Utilitarians assess actions based on their ability to increase ______, which is often associated with pleasure.
utility
For Aristotle, living virtuously is intrinsically valuable, whereas for Utilitarians, virtue is seen as a ______ of their actions.
For Aristotle, living virtuously is intrinsically valuable, whereas for Utilitarians, virtue is seen as a ______ of their actions.
consequence
Augustine's conception of free will emphasizes the capacity to choose according to one's own ______.
Augustine's conception of free will emphasizes the capacity to choose according to one's own ______.
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Modern views of free will emphasize autonomy and the ability to determine our actions ______.
Modern views of free will emphasize autonomy and the ability to determine our actions ______.
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John Stuart Mill revised Utilitarianism by distinguishing between higher and lower ______.
John Stuart Mill revised Utilitarianism by distinguishing between higher and lower ______.
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Mill famously stated that 'It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a ______ satisfied.'
Mill famously stated that 'It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a ______ satisfied.'
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Mill emphasized fostering ______, moral, and emotional experiences to engage human faculties.
Mill emphasized fostering ______, moral, and emotional experiences to engage human faculties.
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Hobbes believed that the state of nature was a state of ______, where life was 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
Hobbes believed that the state of nature was a state of ______, where life was 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
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John Locke argued that the state of nature was a state of relative ______ and equality.
John Locke argued that the state of nature was a state of relative ______ and equality.
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Kant's first principle is the Universal Law of ______, which requires consistency in moral reasoning.
Kant's first principle is the Universal Law of ______, which requires consistency in moral reasoning.
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The second principle of Kant's categorical imperative is Respect for ______, emphasizing the intrinsic value of humans.
The second principle of Kant's categorical imperative is Respect for ______, emphasizing the intrinsic value of humans.
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Amartya Sen identifies two origins of economics: Logistics/Engineering and ______.
Amartya Sen identifies two origins of economics: Logistics/Engineering and ______.
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According to Sen, economics should address broader societal issues like inequality, freedom, and ______.
According to Sen, economics should address broader societal issues like inequality, freedom, and ______.
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The Principle of Autonomy states that every rational being is a moral ______.
The Principle of Autonomy states that every rational being is a moral ______.
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Rawls' difference principle attempts to address the ______ of social inequality.
Rawls' difference principle attempts to address the ______ of social inequality.
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The three defining features of Utilitarianism are: Welfarism, Consequentialism, and ______.
The three defining features of Utilitarianism are: Welfarism, Consequentialism, and ______.
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Welfarism focuses on promoting happiness and welfare by measuring the utility of actions based on the balance of pleasure over ______.
Welfarism focuses on promoting happiness and welfare by measuring the utility of actions based on the balance of pleasure over ______.
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According to Kant, hypothetical imperatives are conditional and depend on personal ______ or desires.
According to Kant, hypothetical imperatives are conditional and depend on personal ______ or desires.
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Categorical imperatives represent moral duties that apply ______, regardless of personal desires.
Categorical imperatives represent moral duties that apply ______, regardless of personal desires.
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Amartya Sen criticized Rawls' theory for its focus on the fair distribution of primary goods while the main goal should be the maximization of ______ or well-being.
Amartya Sen criticized Rawls' theory for its focus on the fair distribution of primary goods while the main goal should be the maximization of ______ or well-being.
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In his Theory of Justice as Capabilities, Sen emphasized the importance of freedom and the ability to ______ in evaluating well-being.
In his Theory of Justice as Capabilities, Sen emphasized the importance of freedom and the ability to ______ in evaluating well-being.
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Debra Satz defines ethical limits to markets to identify when markets are morally ______.
Debra Satz defines ethical limits to markets to identify when markets are morally ______.
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One of Satz's principles is that some markets reinforce ______, widening existing inequalities.
One of Satz's principles is that some markets reinforce ______, widening existing inequalities.
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Market concentrations, such as ______ and oligopolies limit competition.
Market concentrations, such as ______ and oligopolies limit competition.
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Supply manipulation refers to artificially manipulating ______ to raise prices.
Supply manipulation refers to artificially manipulating ______ to raise prices.
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The institutional ethical paradigm focuses on corporations as ______, exploring their status as moral agents.
The institutional ethical paradigm focuses on corporations as ______, exploring their status as moral agents.
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Socrates argues that justice is inherently ______ and essential for the well-being of the soul.
Socrates argues that justice is inherently ______ and essential for the well-being of the soul.
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Glaucon views justice as a social construct adopted out of necessity to avoid the consequences of ______.
Glaucon views justice as a social construct adopted out of necessity to avoid the consequences of ______.
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Aristotle sees the pursuit of virtue as essential to achieve ______, often translated as happiness.
Aristotle sees the pursuit of virtue as essential to achieve ______, often translated as happiness.
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Plato viewed virtue as ______ and inseparable from knowledge.
Plato viewed virtue as ______ and inseparable from knowledge.
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The individual ethical paradigm emphasizes personal ______, accountability, and the role of leadership.
The individual ethical paradigm emphasizes personal ______, accountability, and the role of leadership.
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The Difference Principle states that inequalities are permissible if they benefit the most ______ in society.
The Difference Principle states that inequalities are permissible if they benefit the most ______ in society.
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Individualist theory claims that corporations lack moral agency and cannot commit ______.
Individualist theory claims that corporations lack moral agency and cannot commit ______.
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Shareholder theory argues that a corporation’s primary responsibility is to maximize ______ for its shareholders.
Shareholder theory argues that a corporation’s primary responsibility is to maximize ______ for its shareholders.
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Stakeholder theory stresses the importance of considering the interests of all ______.
Stakeholder theory stresses the importance of considering the interests of all ______.
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For Aristotle, virtue is key to achieving ______ and is developed through habituation.
For Aristotle, virtue is key to achieving ______ and is developed through habituation.
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Kant sees virtue as adhering to the moral law derived from ______.
Kant sees virtue as adhering to the moral law derived from ______.
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The argument against attributing crimes to corporations is based on the risk of ______ punishment for innocent stakeholders.
The argument against attributing crimes to corporations is based on the risk of ______ punishment for innocent stakeholders.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) aligns with ______ theory in promoting sustainable and ethical practices.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) aligns with ______ theory in promoting sustainable and ethical practices.
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Augustine related free will to ______, claiming that human free will is impaired due to original sin.
Augustine related free will to ______, claiming that human free will is impaired due to original sin.
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Aquinas emphasized the importance of ______ in determining choices related to free will.
Aquinas emphasized the importance of ______ in determining choices related to free will.
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For Kant, a moral action must be guided by the ______ imperatives, not by personal desires.
For Kant, a moral action must be guided by the ______ imperatives, not by personal desires.
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Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative is that we should act according to maxims that could be ______ universalized.
Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative is that we should act according to maxims that could be ______ universalized.
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The Principle of Equal Basic Liberties asserts that each person has the right to the most extensive scheme of equal, basic ______.
The Principle of Equal Basic Liberties asserts that each person has the right to the most extensive scheme of equal, basic ______.
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Augustine argued that although humans retained free will, their ability to choose good is supported by God's ______.
Augustine argued that although humans retained free will, their ability to choose good is supported by God's ______.
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Modern conceptions of free will focus on being able to control our actions and determining our actions ______.
Modern conceptions of free will focus on being able to control our actions and determining our actions ______.
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John Rawls perceives justice as ______, aiming for fairness in the distribution of rights and resources.
John Rawls perceives justice as ______, aiming for fairness in the distribution of rights and resources.
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