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Questions and Answers

What is the primary communication model used by DDS?

  • Request-Response
  • Publish-Subscribe (correct)
  • Exclusive Pair
  • Point-to-point

Which of the following is NOT a functional block of IoT?

  • Application
  • Device
  • Security
  • Monitoring Tool (correct)

How does a stateless protocol differ from a stateful protocol?

  • It can handle multiple requests simultaneously.
  • It retains status for each user for longer sessions.
  • It requires server to store session information.
  • No session information is retained by the server. (correct)

What role do publishers play in the Publish-Subscribe communication model?

<p>They are sources of data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication model allows each request-response pair to be independent of others?

<p>Request-Response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the management block serve in an IoT system?

<p>To govern the IoT system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum data rate achievable by 4G mobile communication?

<p>100 Mb/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models?

<p>AMQP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the security functional block in an IoT system?

<p>To secure data and priority functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol allows for connectionless communication in time-sensitive applications?

<p>UDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many addresses can IPv6 theoretically support?

<p>2^128 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the TCP protocol?

<p>To provide reliable, ordered transmission of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application layer protocol is best suited for machine-to-machine communication?

<p>CoAP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of WebSocket communication?

<p>Full duplex over a single socket connection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for host addressing and packet routing?

<p>Network/Internet Layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the MQTT protocol?

<p>It is based on a publish-subscribe model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of IoT devices?

<p>They possess unique identities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an interface that an IoT device may consist of?

<p>Human interaction interfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do link layer protocols primarily determine?

<p>How data is coded and signaled over the physical medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which IEEE standard operates in the 5GHz band?

<p>802.11a (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum data rate provided by WiMax (IEEE802.16)?

<p>1Gb/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protocols is used as the basis for high-level communication protocols like ZigBee?

<p>802.15.4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of data rates do the Ethernet standards (802.3) provide?

<p>From 10Mb/s to 40Gb/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which collection of standards is part of the wireless LAN communication protocols?

<p>802.11 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

IoT Devices

Devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) that have unique identities and can sense, control, and monitor things remotely. They can communicate with other connected devices and process data locally or remotely.

Link Layer Protocols

Protocols that govern how data is physically sent across a network's physical layer. These protocols describe how data is encoded, transmitted, and received by hardware devices.

IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

A collection of wired Ethernet standards defining data transmission at the link layer.

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)

A collection of wireless LAN (WLAN) standards for the link layer.

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IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)

Wireless broadband standards for link layer communication.

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IEEE 802.15.4 (LR-WPAN)

Wireless personal area network (WPAN) standards, especially slower ones, supporting protocols like ZigBee.

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Interfaces in IoT Devices

Input/output (I/O) interfaces for sensors, internet connectivity, memory/storage, and audio/video.

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IoT Device Capabilities

IoT devices can collect data, process data (locally or remotely), and exchange data with other connected devices and applications.

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XMPP

A protocol for real-time communication and streaming XML data between network entities. Supports both client-server and server-server communication.

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DDS

A data-centric middleware standard for device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication. It uses a publish-subscribe model for efficient data exchange.

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AMQP

An open application layer protocol for business messaging. It supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe models.

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IoT Functional Blocks

The key components of an IoT system, including device, communication, services, management, security, and application. Each block offers specific capabilities.

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Stateless Protocol

A protocol where the server doesn't need to remember past interactions or keep track of client status for each request.

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Stateful Protocol

A protocol that requires the server to maintain session information or status about each communicating partner across multiple requests.

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Request-Response

A communication model where the client sends a request to the server, and the server replies with a response. Each request-response pair is independent.

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Publish-Subscribe

A communication model where publishers send messages to a broker, and subscribers receive messages based on their interests.

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IP Datagrams

Packets of data sent over the network. They contain the source and destination addresses, ensuring the data reaches the correct recipient.

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IPv4 vs. IPv6

Two versions of the Internet Protocol, IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses limiting the number of addresses to 2^32, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, enabling a massive 2^128 unique addresses.

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TCP: Reliable Connection

A reliable connection protocol for sending data across the internet. It ensures data arrives in the correct order, handles errors, and prevents overload.

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UDP: Fast and Casual

A connectionless protocol that prioritizes speed over reliability. It's suitable for real-time data like video streaming where minor delays are acceptable.

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HTTP: Web's Foundation

The core protocol of the World Wide Web. It governs how web browsers and servers communicate to transfer web pages, images, and other content.

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CoAP: Small and Simple

A lightweight protocol designed for constrained environments with limited resources, often used in IoT applications.

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WebSocket: Continuous Communication

A protocol that allows real-time, bidirectional communication between clients and servers. It's great for applications that need constant updates, like games and chat.

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MQTT: Publish and Subscribe

A messaging protocol built around a publish-subscribe model, where devices can announce messages (publish) and receive messages based on their interests (subscribe).

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Study Notes

Internet of Things (IoT)

  • IoT devices have unique identities and perform remote sensing, actuation, and monitoring.
  • IoT devices exchange data with other connected devices and applications.
  • Data is processed locally or remotely.
  • IoT devices may consist of multiple interfaces (I/O interfaces for sensors, interfaces for internet connectivity, memory and storage interfaces, and audio/video interfaces) for communication (wired and wireless).

Physical Design of IoT

  • Covers components and protocols
  • Components including, USB Host, RJ45/Ethernet, CPU, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), HDMI, Audio/Video Interfaces, Memory Interfaces, Storage Interfaces, and I/O interfaces.

IoT Protocols

  • Application Layer: Protocols like HTTP, CoAP, MQTT, XMPP, WebSockets, DDS, and AMQP.
  • Transport Layer: TCP and UDP.
  • Network Layer: IPv4, IPv6, 6LoWPAN, 802.3 - Ethernet, 802.11 Wifi, 802.16 - WiMax, 802.15.4 - LR-WPAN, 2G/3G/LTE- Cellular.
  • Link Layer: Protocols such as 802.3-Ethernet (wired standards for data rates from 10Mb/s to 40Gb/s), 802.11-WiFi (wireless LAN standards), and 802.16-WiMax (wireless broadband data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s), 802.15.4-LR-WPAN (low-rate wireless personal area network standards).
  • 802.3-Ethernet: Collection of wired Ethernet standards (e.g., 10BASE5, 10BASE-T, 10BASE-F)
  • 802.11-WiFi: Collection of wireless LAN standards that use multiple bands (2.4GHz and 5GHz) for various speeds and capabilities.

Network/Internet Layer

  • Responsible for sending IP datagrams from one network to another.
  • Protocols: IPv4, IPv6, and 6LOWPAN.

Transport Layer Protocols

  • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol is connection-oriented protocol. Used in web browsers, email. Ensures reliable transmissions and avoids network congestion.
  • UDP: User Datagram Protocol is a connectionless protocol. It's useful for time-sensitive applications needing small data units.

Application Layer Protocols

  • HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, forms the foundation of the World Wide Web.
  • CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol designed for machine-to-machine applications.
  • WebSockets: Enables full-duplex communication over a single socket for efficient communication.
  • MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is a light-weight protocol, often used in constrained environments.
  • XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol, a real-time communication protocol.
  • DDS: for machine-to-machine communication (e.g. devices).

IoT Functional Blocks

  • Device: Provide sensing, actuation, monitoring, control.
  • Communication: Handles communication within the IoT system.
  • Services: Provide device monitoring, control, data publishing, and discovery services.
  • Management: Governs the IoT system (e.g., monitoring security, functions).
  • Security: Provides security functions (e.g., authentication, authorization).
  • Application: Provide interface for users to control and monitor IoT system aspects.

Logical Design of IoT

  • Abstract representation of entities and processes, not low-level implementation.
  • Covers IoT functional Blocks, Communication Models, and Communication APIs.

IoT Communication Models

  • Request-Response: Client sends a request to a server and receives a response. Stateless.
  • Publish-Subscribe: Publishers send data to topics managed by a broker. Consumers subscribe to topics and receive data.
  • Push-Pull: Producers push data to queues; Consumers pull data from queues.
  • Exclusive Pair: Bi-directional, full-duplex communication with a persistent connection. Stateful.

Stateless vs Stateful Protocols

  • Stateless protocols don't retain information about communicating partners.
  • Stateful protocols maintain session and status information.

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Internet of Things (IoT) - Physical and Logical Design - PDF

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