Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary communication model used by DDS?
What is the primary communication model used by DDS?
Which of the following is NOT a functional block of IoT?
Which of the following is NOT a functional block of IoT?
How does a stateless protocol differ from a stateful protocol?
How does a stateless protocol differ from a stateful protocol?
What role do publishers play in the Publish-Subscribe communication model?
What role do publishers play in the Publish-Subscribe communication model?
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Which communication model allows each request-response pair to be independent of others?
Which communication model allows each request-response pair to be independent of others?
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What function does the management block serve in an IoT system?
What function does the management block serve in an IoT system?
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What is the maximum data rate achievable by 4G mobile communication?
What is the maximum data rate achievable by 4G mobile communication?
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Which protocol supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models?
Which protocol supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models?
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What is the main purpose of the security functional block in an IoT system?
What is the main purpose of the security functional block in an IoT system?
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Which protocol allows for connectionless communication in time-sensitive applications?
Which protocol allows for connectionless communication in time-sensitive applications?
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How many addresses can IPv6 theoretically support?
How many addresses can IPv6 theoretically support?
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What is the primary function of the TCP protocol?
What is the primary function of the TCP protocol?
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Which application layer protocol is best suited for machine-to-machine communication?
Which application layer protocol is best suited for machine-to-machine communication?
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What is the key characteristic of WebSocket communication?
What is the key characteristic of WebSocket communication?
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Which layer is responsible for host addressing and packet routing?
Which layer is responsible for host addressing and packet routing?
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What is a significant feature of the MQTT protocol?
What is a significant feature of the MQTT protocol?
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What is a key characteristic of IoT devices?
What is a key characteristic of IoT devices?
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Which of the following is NOT an interface that an IoT device may consist of?
Which of the following is NOT an interface that an IoT device may consist of?
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What do link layer protocols primarily determine?
What do link layer protocols primarily determine?
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Which IEEE standard operates in the 5GHz band?
Which IEEE standard operates in the 5GHz band?
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What is the maximum data rate provided by WiMax (IEEE802.16)?
What is the maximum data rate provided by WiMax (IEEE802.16)?
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Which of the following protocols is used as the basis for high-level communication protocols like ZigBee?
Which of the following protocols is used as the basis for high-level communication protocols like ZigBee?
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What types of data rates do the Ethernet standards (802.3) provide?
What types of data rates do the Ethernet standards (802.3) provide?
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Which collection of standards is part of the wireless LAN communication protocols?
Which collection of standards is part of the wireless LAN communication protocols?
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Study Notes
Internet of Things (IoT)
- IoT devices have unique identities and perform remote sensing, actuation, and monitoring.
- IoT devices exchange data with other connected devices and applications.
- Data is processed locally or remotely.
- IoT devices may consist of multiple interfaces (I/O interfaces for sensors, interfaces for internet connectivity, memory and storage interfaces, and audio/video interfaces) for communication (wired and wireless).
Physical Design of IoT
- Covers components and protocols
- Components including, USB Host, RJ45/Ethernet, CPU, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), HDMI, Audio/Video Interfaces, Memory Interfaces, Storage Interfaces, and I/O interfaces.
IoT Protocols
- Application Layer: Protocols like HTTP, CoAP, MQTT, XMPP, WebSockets, DDS, and AMQP.
- Transport Layer: TCP and UDP.
- Network Layer: IPv4, IPv6, 6LoWPAN, 802.3 - Ethernet, 802.11 Wifi, 802.16 - WiMax, 802.15.4 - LR-WPAN, 2G/3G/LTE- Cellular.
- Link Layer: Protocols such as 802.3-Ethernet (wired standards for data rates from 10Mb/s to 40Gb/s), 802.11-WiFi (wireless LAN standards), and 802.16-WiMax (wireless broadband data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s), 802.15.4-LR-WPAN (low-rate wireless personal area network standards).
Link Layer Protocols
- 802.3-Ethernet: Collection of wired Ethernet standards (e.g., 10BASE5, 10BASE-T, 10BASE-F)
- 802.11-WiFi: Collection of wireless LAN standards that use multiple bands (2.4GHz and 5GHz) for various speeds and capabilities.
Network/Internet Layer
- Responsible for sending IP datagrams from one network to another.
- Protocols: IPv4, IPv6, and 6LOWPAN.
Transport Layer Protocols
- TCP: Transmission Control Protocol is connection-oriented protocol. Used in web browsers, email. Ensures reliable transmissions and avoids network congestion.
- UDP: User Datagram Protocol is a connectionless protocol. It's useful for time-sensitive applications needing small data units.
Application Layer Protocols
- HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, forms the foundation of the World Wide Web.
- CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol designed for machine-to-machine applications.
- WebSockets: Enables full-duplex communication over a single socket for efficient communication.
- MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is a light-weight protocol, often used in constrained environments.
- XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol, a real-time communication protocol.
- DDS: for machine-to-machine communication (e.g. devices).
IoT Functional Blocks
- Device: Provide sensing, actuation, monitoring, control.
- Communication: Handles communication within the IoT system.
- Services: Provide device monitoring, control, data publishing, and discovery services.
- Management: Governs the IoT system (e.g., monitoring security, functions).
- Security: Provides security functions (e.g., authentication, authorization).
- Application: Provide interface for users to control and monitor IoT system aspects.
Logical Design of IoT
- Abstract representation of entities and processes, not low-level implementation.
- Covers IoT functional Blocks, Communication Models, and Communication APIs.
IoT Communication Models
- Request-Response: Client sends a request to a server and receives a response. Stateless.
- Publish-Subscribe: Publishers send data to topics managed by a broker. Consumers subscribe to topics and receive data.
- Push-Pull: Producers push data to queues; Consumers pull data from queues.
- Exclusive Pair: Bi-directional, full-duplex communication with a persistent connection. Stateful.
Stateless vs Stateful Protocols
- Stateless protocols don't retain information about communicating partners.
- Stateful protocols maintain session and status information.
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