Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is classified as primary malnutrition?
What characterizes Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)?
Which of the following is a symptom of Marasmus?
Which of these factors can lead to dietary insufficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do vitamins play in health?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common manifestation of Kwashiorkor?
Signup and view all the answers
How does dietary insufficiency affect immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about secondary malnutrition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main vitamin synthesized in this reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism increases the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by vitamin D deficiency in children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal reference range for circulating 25-(OH)-D?
Signup and view all the answers
What deficiency leads to an excess of unmineralized matrix in both adults and children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the long-term consequence of vitamin D deficiency in osteomalacia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which skeletal change is associated with rickets in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor contributes to vitamin D deficiency, leading to the conditions mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the deformation known as rachitic rosary?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of a vitamin D deficiency in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of scurvy due to vitamin C deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What anatomical feature is primarily affected by pigeon breast deformity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which population is most at risk for vitamin C deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of collagen is primarily supported by vitamin C?
Signup and view all the answers
What skeletal deformity is commonly associated with rickets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major complication associated with anorexia nervosa?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the well-formed dark trabeculae in rickets indicative of?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature is considered pathognomonic for anorexia nervosa?
Signup and view all the answers
In bulimia nervosa, what percentage of patients experience amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following vitamin deficiencies is most commonly associated with secondary factors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition has the highest death rate among psychiatric disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant effect of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which electrolyte imbalance is a medical complication of bulimia due to inducing vomiting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin can be synthesized endogenously from precursor steroids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant characteristic of kwashiorkor related to protein deprivation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with marasmus?
Signup and view all the answers
What anatomical change is NOT associated with kwashiorkor?
Signup and view all the answers
What histological change occurs in the small bowel of a child with kwashiorkor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor contributing to cachexia in chronic infections and neoplastic diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common consequence of anorexia nervosa?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common complication of advanced cancers related to nutritional status?
Signup and view all the answers
What specific effect does TNF have on energy balance in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Dietary Insufficiency and Malnutrition
- Dietary insufficiency arises from inadequate intake, digestion, or absorption of nutrients, leading to malnutrition.
- Malnutrition can be classified as primary (missing dietary components) or secondary (due to illnesses, absorption issues, or increased nutrient needs).
- Causes of dietary insufficiency include poverty, chronic illness, alcoholism, ignorance about nutrition, and self-imposed dietary restrictions.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
- SAM is defined by a weight-for-height ratio that is three standard deviations below normal.
- It manifests in two primary forms: Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
Marasmus
- Caused by severe calorie deficiency, leading to growth retardation and muscle mass loss.
- Depletion of visceral proteins is minimal; however, subcutaneous fat is catabolized for energy.
- Associated with low leptin levels, contributing to immune deficiencies and vitamin deficiencies.
Kwashiorkor
- Characterized by protein deprivation; muscle mass loss is less pronounced than in Marasmus.
- Results in hypoalbuminemia, edema, and fatty liver due to compromised protein synthesis.
- Symptoms include hair loss, flaky skin, and alternating skin pigmentation.
Morphological Changes in SAM
- Key physical changes include growth failure, peripheral edema in Kwashiorkor, and muscle atrophy in Marasmus.
- The liver in Kwashiorkor appears enlarged and fatty, while the small intestine shows mucosal atrophy.
- The brain may exhibit atrophy with reduced neuronal numbers in severely malnourished infants.
Cachexia and Eating Disorders
- Cachexia is a common complication in chronic diseases like AIDS and advanced cancers, leading to weight loss and anorexia.
- Anorexia Nervosa is marked by self-induced starvation, with high mortality rates and symptoms overlapping with SAM.
- Bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging and presents fewer severe health risks compared to anorexia.
Vitamins: Functions and Deficiencies
- Thirteen essential vitamins are classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble.
- Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body; deficiencies may arise from malabsorption.
- Vitamin deficiency can be primary (diet-related) or secondary due to absorption issues.
Vitamin D and Its Metabolism
- Vitamin D is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.
- Deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- The reference range for circulating vitamin D is 20 to 100 ng/mL; deficiency is defined as below 20 ng/mL.
Vitamin D Deficiency Symptoms
- Children with rickets show skeletal deformities, such as frontal bossing and the rachitic rosary.
- Adults with osteomalacia experience weak bones prone to fractures, particularly in the spine and hip.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Functions and Deficiency
- Vitamin C is vital for collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter production, and immune response.
- Clinically significant deficiency leads to scurvy, characterized by bone disease, hemorrhages, and impaired healing.
- High-risk groups for deficiency include the elderly, chronic alcoholics, and those on restricted diets.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
