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Questions and Answers
What is a linear equation?
What is a linear equation?
What defines a consistent system?
What defines a consistent system?
What characterizes an inconsistent system?
What characterizes an inconsistent system?
What is a leading entry?
What is a leading entry?
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Describe Echelon form.
Describe Echelon form.
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What is Reduced Echelon Form?
What is Reduced Echelon Form?
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What does Span refer to?
What does Span refer to?
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What does the equation Ax = b signify?
What does the equation Ax = b signify?
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What is a pivot position?
What is a pivot position?
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Define a pivot column.
Define a pivot column.
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What does homogeneous refer to in linear systems?
What does homogeneous refer to in linear systems?
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What does it mean for columns to be independent?
What does it mean for columns to be independent?
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What does dependent signify in linear equations?
What does dependent signify in linear equations?
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What is transformation in linear algebra?
What is transformation in linear algebra?
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What are Matrix multiplication warnings?
What are Matrix multiplication warnings?
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What does transposition of a matrix do?
What does transposition of a matrix do?
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List the Properties of transposition.
List the Properties of transposition.
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What are Invertibility rules?
What are Invertibility rules?
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What comprises the Invertible Matrix Theorem?
What comprises the Invertible Matrix Theorem?
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What is Column Row Expansion of AB?
What is Column Row Expansion of AB?
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What is LU Factorization?
What is LU Factorization?
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What does the Leontief input-output model represent?
What does the Leontief input-output model represent?
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What defines Subspaces?
What defines Subspaces?
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What is Column space?
What is Column space?
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What is Null space?
What is Null space?
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Define a Basis.
Define a Basis.
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What is Dimension?
What is Dimension?
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What does rank mean?
What does rank mean?
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What does one-to-one mean in transformations?
What does one-to-one mean in transformations?
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What does onto mean in linear transformations?
What does onto mean in linear transformations?
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What is an inner product?
What is an inner product?
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Define orthogonal component.
Define orthogonal component.
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What is an orthogonal set?
What is an orthogonal set?
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What does orthonormal mean?
What does orthonormal mean?
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Study Notes
Linear Algebra Concepts
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Linear Equation: Formulated as a1x1 + a2x2 + ... = b; coefficients a1, a2, etc. can be real or complex numbers known beforehand.
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Consistent System: A linear system with at least one solution; can have one or infinitely many solutions.
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Inconsistent System: A system that does not have any solutions.
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Leading Entry: The first non-zero element in a non-zero row of a matrix.
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Echelon Form: Matrix characteristics include: all non-zero rows above any zero rows; each leading entry appears in a new column to the right; all elements below a leading entry are zeros.
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Reduced Echelon Form: An extension of echelon form where leading entries are '1' and each leading '1' is the only non-zero element in its row; each matrix has a unique reduced echelon form.
Vector Spaces and Transformations
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Span: The set of all possible linear combinations formed from vectors in R^n, expressed as c1v1 + c2v2 + ... (where ci are constants).
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Ax = b: For each vector b in R^n, this equation has a solution if the following are true: each b is a linear combination of A, the columns of A span R^n, and A has a pivot position in every row.
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Pivot Position: Highlighted by a leading '1' in a reduced echelon matrix, located in the original matrix.
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Pivot Column: A column that has a pivot position which plays a critical role in the structure of the linear transformation.
Systems of Equations and Solutions
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Homogeneous System: Defined by Ax = 0 where the trivial solution x = 0 is guaranteed.
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Independent Vectors: Vectors that provide only the trivial solution when forming a linear combination; columns of A are independent if only the trivial solution exists.
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Dependent Vectors: Exist when non-zero weights can satisfy the equation; more vectors than entries indicates dependency.
Matrix Operations
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Transformation: A function that maps vectors from R^n to vectors in R^m.
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Matrix Multiplication Properties: Important facts include AB ≠ BA, if AB = AC, B may not equal C, and the product AB = 0 does not mean A or B is zero.
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Transposition: Involves exchanging rows and columns of a matrix.
Fundamental Matrix Theorems
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Properties of Transposition: Key properties include (A^T)^T = A, (A + B)^T = A^T + B^T, scalar multiplication (rA)^T = rA^T, and the rule for products (AB)^T = B^T A^T.
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Invertibility Rules: Encompass conditions such as if A is invertible, then (A^-1)^-1 = A; for multiplied matrices (AB)^-1 = B^-1 A^-1; and transpose invertibility (A^T)^-1 = (A^-1)^T.
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Invertible Matrix Theorem: States conditions where a matrix A is invertible. If any condition is true, all are true: A is row equivalent to I, has n pivot columns, Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution, and spans R^n.
Linear Spaces and Properties
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Column Space: Composed of all linear combinations derived from the columns of matrix A.
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Null Space: The set of solutions to the equation Ax = 0.
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Basis: A linearly independent set that spans H; pivot columns of A form a basis for A's column space.
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Dimension: Indicates the number of vectors in any basis for the subspace H; the dimension of the zero subspace is defined as 0.
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Rank: Represents the dimension of a matrix’s column space.
Transformations and Their Characteristics
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One-to-One Transformation: A transformation where each vector y in R^m corresponds to one unique x in R^n, necessitating a pivot in every column.
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Onto Transformation: A transformation that is consistent for any vector b, requiring pivots in all rows.
Orthogonality Concepts
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Inner Product: Denotes a matrix product u^T v or the dot product u.v; if the result is 0, the vectors u and v are orthogonal.
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Orthogonal Component: Defined as x being in W' if it is perpendicular to every vector spanning W; W' forms a subspace in R^n.
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Orthogonal Set: A collection of vectors where each pair of different vectors is orthogonal (i.e., their inner product equals zero); guarantees linear independence and forms a basis of the subspace.
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Orthonormal Set: A set of vectors that are both orthogonal and unit vectors.
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