Umayyad Period Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the time frame of the Umayyad dynasty?

  • 622-799
  • 500-722
  • 138-422 (correct)
  • 120-500

What was Abd Al-Rahman I’s role after the Umayyads lost the Caliphate in Damascus?

  • He became Emir of Córdoba. (correct)
  • He became a military leader in Syria.
  • He was appointed Caliph of Baghdad.
  • He founded the Abbasid dynasty.

Which statement accurately describes the Mosque of Córdoba?

  • It was built entirely from scratch with no prior structures.
  • It was built on the site of a Visigothic Church. (correct)
  • It was constructed during the Abbasid period.
  • It served only as a mosque from the beginning.

Who proclaimed himself as the 'amir al-mu'min'?

<p>Abd al-Rahman III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus for the Umayyads?

<p>It emphasized their legitimacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the Umayyads to come to Iberia?

<p>The Abbasids overthrew them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect was a peak of the caliphate of Córdoba?

<p>Economy and culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Umayyads do to prevent their people from going abroad?

<p>They discouraged pilgrimage to Mecca. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did Al-Mutamid prefer over surrender?

<p>Death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is described as originally coming from the Qur´anic notion of a place of practice?

<p>Almoravids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of the Almoravids from 1062 to 1106?

<p>Yusuf ibn Tashufin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Berber Dynasties play in the politics of al-Andalus?

<p>They secured the survival of al-Andalus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tribe is associated with the Berbers of the Maghreb that included the Almoravids?

<p>Sanhaja (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title did Abd al-Rahman III proclaim for himself?

<p>Amir al-Mu'min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Umma' refer to in the context of the Muslim community?

<p>Community or nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the mosque that holds great significance in al-Andalus?

<p>Mosque of Cordoba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Mozarabs' refer to?

<p>Arabized Christians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year marks the founding of the caliphate by Abd al-Rahman III?

<p>929 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern did Paul Alvarus express regarding the cultural changes in Cordoba?

<p>Loss of traditional Latin culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term did the Umayyads prefer to describe their community rather than 'Umma'?

<p>Jemaa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major aim for Abd al-Rahman III when he claimed leadership?

<p>To restore Umayyad power and legitimacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who completed the courtyard or sahn and erected the first minaret of the mosque?

<p>Hisham I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant architectural feature is inspired by the Dome of the Rock?

<p>Double arches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dynasty ruled Al-Andalus for 275 years, establishing a significant legacy?

<p>Umayyad (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the capital city of the Umayyads in Al-Andalus?

<p>Córdoba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event prompted the Umayyads to seek refuge in Iberia?

<p>Abbasid conquest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic feature of the mosque's orientation?

<p>Misoriented by 51 degrees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable transformation did the bishop of Córdoba implement in 2010 regarding the mosque?

<p>Renamed it to the Catedral de Córdoba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common misconception regarding the mosque's history?

<p>It has a misleading narrative of a Visigoth Basilica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the peak of Islamic influence in Iberia mainly attributed to?

<p>The rule of Almanzor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cities served as important harbors for the Umayyads?

<p>Pechina and Almería (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe Islamic territory?

<p>Dar al-Islam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of importing Berber fighters to al-Andalus?

<p>To strengthen the army and increase troop numbers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Duero Valley in the context of al-Andalus?

<p>It served as a buffer zone against enemy territory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many provinces and cities comprised the Islamic territory in Iberia?

<p>26 provinces and 18 cities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the tax that non-Muslims had to pay for protection in Islamic society?

<p>Jizya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the treatment of Christians and Jews within the Islamic legal system?

<p>Discriminatory system with integration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the obligations of non-Muslims under the Dhimma legal status?

<p>Pay the jizya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of non-Muslims regarding their legal traditions in Islamic society?

<p>They could maintain their traditions and norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure significantly expanded the Mosque of Cordoba and was an important leader in the Umayyad Caliphate?

<p>Almanzor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in Islamic governance in 929?

<p>Proclamation of the Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Ahl al-Kitab' refer to in the context of Islamic society?

<p>People of the Book (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the jizya, what was one right granted to non-Muslims under Dhimma status?

<p>Security and protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Umayyad Dynasty

The first Islamic caliphate dynasty, originating from the Quraysh tribe.

Caliphate of Córdoba

An Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty in Spain (929-1031), known for its economic and cultural peak.

Abd al-Rahman I

Umayyad Emir of Córdoba who established a new Islamic emirate in Spain after being overthrown by the Abbasids .

Córdoba Mosque

A prominent Islamic mosque in Córdoba, Spain, built in a previously Visigothic church, and a symbol of the Umayyad dynasty.

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Emirate of Córdoba (756-929)

Period of Umayyad rule in Spain, initially an emirate under Abd al-Rahman I.

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Umayyad Caliphate (929-1031)

Period of Umayyad rule in Spain as a Caliphate after declaration of by Abd al-Rahman III.

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Abbasids

The dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads, leading to Abd al-Rahman I establishing an Umayyad Emirate in Spain.

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Quraysh tribe

The tribe that the Umayyad dynasty originated from, same as Prophet Muhammad's tribe.

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Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba

The longest-ruling dynasty in Al-Andalus (756-1031), establishing a stable government in Cordoba.

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Abbasid crackdown

The Abbasid dynasty's attempt to eliminate the Umayyad family to secure their own power.

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Umayyad Migration to Iberia

The Umayyads fled to Iberia to escape the Abbasid crackdown and establish a new base.

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Al-Andalus

Historically, the Islamic Iberia. It encompassed parts of modern Spain and Portugal.

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Nasrid Dynasty

The last Muslim dynasty in Iberia (Granada, 1232-1492).

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Mosque of Cordoba

A significant mosque, initially oriented toward the Guadalquivir River.

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Misorientation of Cordoba Mosque

The Mosque of Cordoba is uniquely misoriented by 51 degrees.

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Cordoba as Capital

Cordoba served as the central city and capital of the Umayyad Caliphate during al-Andalus.

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Fatimid Threat

The Fatimid dynasty, a rival Muslim power to the Umayyads, posed a significant threat. Based in North Africa, they had a strong naval force (around 200 ships) with ambitions to expand across the Mediterranean.

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Umayyad Harbours

The Umayyad Caliphate in Iberia relied on key harbors like Pechina and Almería for maritime trade and defense.

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Making al-Andalus Great Again

The Umayyad rulers, particularly Abd al-Rahman III and Almanzor, aimed to make al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia) prosperous and powerful, reflecting pride in their Islamic identity and achievements.

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Madinat al-Zahra

A magnificent city built by Abd al-Rahman III in the Northwestern part of Córdoba, showcasing the wealth and architectural prowess of the Umayyad Caliphate. It was a symbol of their cultural and political power.

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Umayyad State: Theocratic?

While the Umayyads controlled political power, the interpretation of Islam rested with the ulama (religious scholars). The Caliph held political power while the ulama held religious authority. This decentralized system blurred the lines between a purely political and theocratic state.

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Dar al-Islam

The term Dar al-Islam refers to lands under Islamic rule. During the Umayyad Caliphate, two-thirds of the Iberian Peninsula fell under Islamic rule.

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Dar al-Harb

This term refers to enemy territory, specifically used for territories outside of Dar al-Islam. In Iberia, the Duero Valley served as a buffer zone between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Christian kingdoms in the north.

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Berber Fighters

The Umayyads, for military expansion, recruited Berber warriors from North Africa. This strategic move brought in renowned warriors to bolster the Umayyad army and conquer enemy territories in Iberia.

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Ahl al-Kitab

A term for non-Muslims who are people of the Book, specifically Jews and Christians.

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Jizya

A poll tax levied on non-Muslims in an Islamic state, in exchange for protection and security.

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Dhimma

A legal system for non-Muslims within an Islamic state offering rights and obligations.

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Caliphate

The highest position in Islam, representing the leader of the Muslim community.

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Almanzor

A powerful Umayyad chancellor who expanded the Mosque of Córdoba while the Caliph was a young boy.

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What was the significance of the Mosque of Córdoba?

It was a central feature of the Umayyad Caliphate, expanded by Almanzor to reflect the power of the dynasty.

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Umayyad Dynasty: Before vs. After 929

Before 929, they were Emirs in Spain. After Abd al-Rahman III's proclamation, they became Caliphs.

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Almoravids

A Berber dynasty that ruled al-Andalus from Marrakech between 1090 and 1147, integrating it into a foreign political entity and slowing down Christian expansion.

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Al-Mulathihmun

The Arabic name for the Almoravids, meaning "The veiled ones." They were called this due to their distinctive custom of wearing veils to protect themselves from desert dust and as a symbol of their ruling class.

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Yusuf ibn Tashufin

The most successful Almoravid Emir (1062-1106) who led the conquest of al-Andalus.

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Berber Dynasties Role

The Berber Dynasties, including the Almoravids and Almohads, integrated al-Andalus into foreign political entities and ruled from the outside, leading to a loss of self-government. However, their intervention also significantly delayed Christian conquest of al-Andalus.

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Sanhaja Tribe

The Almoravids belonged to this Berber tribe that originated in the western Sahara and hills of eastern Maghreb.

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Amir al-Mu'min

The title Abd al-Rahman III adopted, meaning "Commander of the Faithful", signifying his claim to leadership over the Muslim community in al-Andalus.

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Abd al-Rahman III's ambition

Abd al-Rahman III sought to re-establish the Umayyad dynasty's dominance in al-Andalus, aiming to become the leading figure of the Muslim community there.

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The 'Rivals' in al-Andalus

Groups who resisted Umayyad control in different parts of al-Andalus, representing opposition to Abd al-Rahman III's claim to leadership.

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Umma vs. Jemaa

The Umayyad leadership used the term 'Jemaa' to refer to the Muslim community instead of 'Umma', highlighting their focus on local community rather than the broader Muslim world.

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Founder of the Caliphate

Abd al-Rahman III established the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in 929, solidifying his authority and establishing a new era of Umayyad rule in al-Andalus.

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The Mosque of Cordoba

A prominent Islamic mosque in Cordoba, Spain, important for its architectural significance and historical role in al-Andalus.

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Arabization and Islamisation

The increasing influence of Arabic language and Islamic culture in al-Andalus, leading to a decline in traditional Latin culture.

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Mozarabs

Arabized Christians who adopted elements of Arabic language and culture but remained Christian.

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Study Notes

Umayyad Period

  • Earliest Islamic caliphate dynasty, ruling from 138-422 (756-1031)
  • Umayyads were Quraysh, the same tribe as the Quraysh tribe of Muhammad
  • Moved to Iberia after the Abbasids overthrew them
  • Ruled as an emirate from 756 to 929 for 173 years
  • Ruled as a caliphate from 929 to 1031 for 102 years
  • Abd al-Rahman I became Emir of Cordoba in 756
  • Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself "amir al-muʼmin" (commander of the Faithful)
  • Umayyad dynasty in Cordoba peaked in economy and culture from 929-1031
  • Abd al-Rahman died without a successor, leading to succession disputes
  • Umayyad family had a strong hereditary tradition

Timeline

  • Umayyads: 756-1031 (275 years)
  • Taifa Kingdoms: 1031-1086 (55 years)
  • Almoravids: 1086-1148 (62 years)
  • Almohads: 1148-1248 (100 years)
  • Nasrids: 1242-1492 (250 years)

Mosque of Córdoba

  • Second most important landmark in Spain after the Alhambra
  • Built on the site of a Visigothic church
  • Abd al-Rahman I purchased the land and had the mosque built in the 8th century (784)
  • Later expansions were carried out by later Umayyads to the point where the mosque reached a total surface of 23,400 square meters in the 10th century, placing it as second largest mosque to the Blue Mosque of Istanbul
  • The original structure was demolished and reconstructed.
  • Incorporates styles from other buildings
  • Constructed over two centuries
  • Notable architectural features include marble, jasper, onyx, and granite.
  • Mosque is misoriented by 51 degrees.

Abbasid Crackdown of the Umayyads

  • Abbasids tried to eliminate all surviving Umayyads to prevent them from claiming the throne
  • Forced Umayyads to move to Iberia in 750
  • Umayyads in Iberia's rule lasted for 275 years.

Other Important Points

  • Islamic State Tributary System: Included peasants, high urban development, and ethnic/linguistic/religious diversity
  • Tax system: Included Kharaj (agricultural land tax), Zaka (agricultural tax), Jizya (poll tax), and Magarim (trade transactions)
  • Arabization and Islamization in Iberia: Process of cultural and religious adoption by conquered people, not a top-down policy
  • Dhimma Legal Status: Legal agreement for non-Muslims, granting rights but with limitations
  • Job opportunities: Non-Muslims could work in administration, though positions of leadership were reserved for Muslims.
  • Religious Diversity: Christians and Jews were part of the diverse society of al-Andalus, living under Islamic rule with certain protections under the Dhimmi status system.

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The Umayyad Period PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the Umayyad dynasty, its history, and the significant events that shaped its rule. This quiz covers the timeline, major figures, and cultural achievements from 756 to 1031, including details about the Mosque of Córdoba. Explore the legacy of the Umayyads and their impact on Islamic history.

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