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Questions and Answers
What does reliability refer to in the context of intelligence testing?
What does reliability refer to in the context of intelligence testing?
Which correlation range indicates the validity of IQ scores in predicting occupational attainment?
Which correlation range indicates the validity of IQ scores in predicting occupational attainment?
What significant limitations characterize intellectual disabilities?
What significant limitations characterize intellectual disabilities?
What is the most common biological cause of intellectual disabilities in newborns?
What is the most common biological cause of intellectual disabilities in newborns?
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The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale primarily measures which aspects of intelligence?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale primarily measures which aspects of intelligence?
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What defines the intellectually gifted population?
What defines the intellectually gifted population?
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How is validity distinguished from reliability in intelligence tests?
How is validity distinguished from reliability in intelligence tests?
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What are familial intellectual disabilities characterized by?
What are familial intellectual disabilities characterized by?
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What is the formula used to calculate the IQ score of a child with a mental age of 3 and a chronological age of 5?
What is the formula used to calculate the IQ score of a child with a mental age of 3 and a chronological age of 5?
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How does the Deviation IQ scoring method assess an individual's IQ?
How does the Deviation IQ scoring method assess an individual's IQ?
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What is a unique feature of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
What is a unique feature of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
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What primary skills does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measure?
What primary skills does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measure?
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Which statement about achievement tests is true?
Which statement about achievement tests is true?
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What is one limitation of standardized IQ tests, especially in regards to marginalized groups?
What is one limitation of standardized IQ tests, especially in regards to marginalized groups?
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Which of the following best describes the analysis performed on IQ scores from large populations?
Which of the following best describes the analysis performed on IQ scores from large populations?
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What are aptitude tests designed to assess?
What are aptitude tests designed to assess?
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What was a significant consequence of eugenics laws in Canada?
What was a significant consequence of eugenics laws in Canada?
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What was the main purpose of Alfred Binet's intelligence test?
What was the main purpose of Alfred Binet's intelligence test?
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How is the IQ score calculated?
How is the IQ score calculated?
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What issue did Binet's method of assigning mental ages present?
What issue did Binet's method of assigning mental ages present?
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What was a moral panic connected to IQ testing among certain groups?
What was a moral panic connected to IQ testing among certain groups?
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Which group was disproportionately impacted by forced sterilization laws in Canada?
Which group was disproportionately impacted by forced sterilization laws in Canada?
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What was the significance of the 1920s legislation passed in Canada regarding immigration?
What was the significance of the 1920s legislation passed in Canada regarding immigration?
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How did the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale differ from Binet's test?
How did the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale differ from Binet's test?
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Flashcards
Deviation IQ Score
Deviation IQ Score
An IQ score derived from comparing a person's test performance to the average performance of others of the same age.
IQ of 100
IQ of 100
The average IQ score, representing the middle of the bell curve for a specific age group in an IQ test.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
A test to measure intelligence, that varies in difficulty based on age and mental ability.
Mental Age
Mental Age
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Achievement Test
Achievement Test
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Aptitude Test
Aptitude Test
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Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)
Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)
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Reliability
Reliability
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Validity
Validity
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IQ Scores - Predictive Power
IQ Scores - Predictive Power
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Intellectual Disabilities
Intellectual Disabilities
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Adaptive Functioning Deficits
Adaptive Functioning Deficits
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Conceptual Domain
Conceptual Domain
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Social Domain
Social Domain
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Practical Domain
Practical Domain
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Eugenics Movement
Eugenics Movement
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Forced Sterilization
Forced Sterilization
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Immigration Restrictions
Immigration Restrictions
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IQ Test
IQ Test
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Are head size and intelligence related?
Are head size and intelligence related?
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What is the flaw in the eugenics movement?
What is the flaw in the eugenics movement?
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Study Notes
PSYC1010 CHAPTER 7: LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
- Learning objectives for the chapter include: defining thinking, understanding reasoning and decision-making processes, analyzing problem-solving approaches, and identifying obstacles to effective problem-solving.
What is Thinking?
- Thinking involves manipulating mental representations of information.
- Information can be words, images, sounds, or data from any sensory modality retained in memory.
- Thinking transforms information into new forms to answer questions, solve problems, or achieve goals.
Activity
- Reflect on a friend or family member, a song, or a place you've visited.
- Consider what happened during these experiences.
Mental Images
- Mental images are representations of objects or events in the mind.
- Every sensory modality creates corresponding mental images (e.g., hearing a melody in your head).
- Mental images share properties with their corresponding perceptions.
- Mental images can be manipulated and rotated.
Concepts: Categorizing the World
- Concepts are mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
- Concepts organize complex phenomena into simpler categories (e.g., Ferrari and Honda = car; pizza and sushi = food).
- Concepts assist in classifying new objects based on prior experiences (e.g., anything with four wheels and a pedal = car).
Concepts: Prototypes
- Some concepts are easy to define; others are ambiguous.
- When dealing with ambiguous concepts, people often use prototypes — highly representative examples.
- For example, sparrows better represent the concept of birds than penguins, making sparrows prototypes.
Algorithms and Heuristics
- An algorithm is a rule that, if followed correctly, guarantees a solution. (e.g., systematically searching every aisle in a store to find canned tomatoes).
- A heuristic is a strategy that may lead to a solution but may also result in errors. (e.g., going directly to the canned goods section to search for canned tomatoes).
Heuristics: Specific Types
- Representativeness heuristic: judging people or events based on how well they represent a category or group.
- Availability heuristic: judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind (e.g., being more afraid of flying than driving due to media coverage).
Problems of Thinking
- Problems of inducing structure involve identifying underlying relationships between items.
- Problems of arrangement involve rearranging parts to meet criteria.
- Problems of transformation require completing a sequence of transformations to reach a goal.
Problem Solving Approaches
- Trial and error: repeatedly testing different solutions until success.
- Means-ends analysis: repeatedly identifying differences between the current state and the goal state and taking steps to reduce those differences.
- Working backward: starting with the desired end state and working backward to the current state.
- Forming subgoals: breaking a problem into smaller, more manageable parts.
- Insight: a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
Obstacles to Problem Solving
- Irrelevant information: incorrectly assuming all provided information is relevant to the solution.
- Inaccurate evaluation of solutions: ignoring contradictory evidence or placing excessive trust in a single source of information.
- Mental sets: persisting in an ineffective problem-solving approach even if new strategies would be more effective.
- Functional fixedness: inability to use objects in ways other than their typical use, creating an obstacle to problem-solving (e.g., using a box of tacks merely as a container rather than as a way to mount something on the wall, as in the candle-mounting problem).
- Confirmation bias: seeking out and placing more weight on information that supports one's existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory information about alternative hypotheses.
Creativity
- Creativity involves generating original ideas or solving problems in novel ways.
- Divergent thinking is an ability associated with creativity, characterized by generating unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems.
Creativity and Problem-solving: Additional Factors
- Cognitive complexity: a preference for elaborate, intricate stimuli and thinking patterns
- Intelligence is not highly correlated with creativity
- Traditional intelligence tests often assess convergent rather than divergent thinking.
Framing Effects
- The way a problem is presented (framed) can influence how a person approaches it and their decisions.
- Survival rate vs. mortality rate in describing treatment options, for example, can lead to different choices. Examples from daily life
- Presenting options as "saving X lives" vs. "losing Y lives"
Language: Defining and Development
- Language is a way for two or more people to share complex thoughts and ideas, sharing information via symbols within a systematic set of rules.
- Understanding how language develops helps one understand how people use language and how thinking occurs.
- Language involves: components like phonology, syntax, and semantics.
- Stages of language development, starting with reflexive communication and moving to language comprehension.
Language Development: Milestones and General Rules
- Babies produce various sounds (babbles), reflecting their surrounding language.
- Language development stages, from first words (12 - 18 months) to two-word sentences (18 - 24 months), progressing to complete sentence structures.
- Different perspectives on language development: considering if language is genetically/innately determined versus a learned or interactionist process.
Language Deprivation
- Exposure to language is essential to acquiring some aspects of language, as shown by examples like the case of Genie.
Production of Language
- Stages of language production. (1 and 2)
- Overregularization: Errors in language use where children overapply grammatical rules even when the application is incorrect. (This is a common stage)
- Comprehension precedes production. (This is true)
Understanding Language Acquisition
- Nativist approach: Language-acquisition device (LAD).
- Learning-theory approach: Language is learned through reinforcement and conditioning.
- Interactionist approach: Combination of innate predispositions and environment influence language development.
Bilingualism: Advantage or Disadvantage?
- Some research suggests bilingual children have smaller vocabularies in their individual languages comparatively to monolingual children.
- However, other research shows that bilingual children perform better on tasks like task-switching and attention.
Intelligence
- Intelligence is the capacity to understand the world and use resources effectively while facing challenges.
Different Views of Intelligence
- Early intelligence theories: Focus on a single general intelligence factor(g).
- Multiple intelligences (Gardner): Eight independent, different types of intelligence.
- Triarchic model (Sternberg): Analytical (a), practical (p), and creative (c) intelligence.
- Emotional intelligence (Goleman): Skills of self-awareness, empathy, motivation, and social and relationship skills.
Historical Context of Intelligence Testing
- Early attempts at measuring intelligence had biases and limitations (i.e., early IQ tests)
- Galton's work on intelligence testing, for example.
- The rise of eugenics.
- Alfred Binet's work on developing the first real intelligence tests, emphasizing mental age vs. chronological age.
Types of Intelligences (WAIS, Stanford-Binet)
- WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and Stanford-Binet Scale: Common tests yielding both full-scale IQ scores (FSIQ) and detailed sub scores.
Achievement and Aptitude Tests
- Tests evaluating a person's existing knowledge (e.g., academic achievement) and their likely aptitude in an area or profession.
- Aptitude tests are used to assess skills in an area, predict performance, or help select people for particular fields (e.g., medical school).
Reliability and Validity of Tests
- Reliability refers to the consistency of a test.
- Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
- Reliability does not ensure validity. An unreliable test cannot be valid.
- Validity regarding intelligence scores and tests.
Variations in Intellectual Abilities: Intellectual Disabilities
- Intellectual disabilities are a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning.
- Different types of intellectual disabilities.
- Biological factors and genetic disorders.
- Environmental factors, like low socioeconomic status.
Variations in Intellectual Abilities: The Intellectually Gifted
- Individuals with exceptional intellectual/cognitive abilities, e.g., high IQs (general, above ~130)
The Range of Reaction Theory
- The range of reaction theory describes how genetic potential interacts with the environment to shape a person's abilities.
- Genes set boundaries (range) of potential, but environmental factors influence the realization of that potential.
- Demonstrated by the idea that people do better from a good environment instead of a deprivation environment.
Explaining Differences in Intelligence Scores:
- Cultural biases in tests and in the way individuals are taught, etc.
- Socioeconomic factors and resource availability.
- Environmental factors.
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