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Questions and Answers

What does reliability refer to in the context of intelligence testing?

  • The ability of a test to measure academic knowledge accurately.
  • The ability of a test to identify gifted individuals.
  • The ability of a test to predict future performance in school.
  • The ability of a test to consistently measure what it claims to measure. (correct)
  • Which correlation range indicates the validity of IQ scores in predicting occupational attainment?

  • .30s–.40s
  • .70s–.90s
  • .40s–.50s (correct)
  • .60s–.80s
  • What significant limitations characterize intellectual disabilities?

  • Deficits solely in social skills.
  • Deficits in intellectual functioning but not in adaptive skills.
  • Significant limitations in both intellectual and adaptive functioning. (correct)
  • Exclusively academic limitations.
  • What is the most common biological cause of intellectual disabilities in newborns?

    <p>Fetal alcohol syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale primarily measures which aspects of intelligence?

    <p>General cognitive ability across various domains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the intellectually gifted population?

    <p>Individuals with IQ scores greater than 130. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is validity distinguished from reliability in intelligence tests?

    <p>Validity measures what a test claims to measure, while reliability refers to consistency over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are familial intellectual disabilities characterized by?

    <p>A history of intellectual disabilities without clear biological causes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the IQ score of a child with a mental age of 3 and a chronological age of 5?

    <p>$3/5 \times 100$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Deviation IQ scoring method assess an individual's IQ?

    <p>By determining the average score among all age peers and calculating deviations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

    <p>The examiner customizes the test based on performance to find a mental age level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary skills does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measure?

    <p>Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about achievement tests is true?

    <p>They determine a person's grasp of specific subject area knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of standardized IQ tests, especially in regards to marginalized groups?

    <p>They are influenced by cultural biases that may disadvantage certain groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the analysis performed on IQ scores from large populations?

    <p>They form a bell-shaped normal distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are aptitude tests designed to assess?

    <p>Predictive ability in relation to future performance in a chosen field. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of eugenics laws in Canada?

    <p>Forced sterilization of individuals deemed intellectually inferior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of Alfred Binet's intelligence test?

    <p>To differentiate between various levels of intelligence based on age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the IQ score calculated?

    <p>Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue did Binet's method of assigning mental ages present?

    <p>It did not permit adequate comparisons among different chronological ages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a moral panic connected to IQ testing among certain groups?

    <p>Fears around diluting the intellectual capabilities of the population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was disproportionately impacted by forced sterilization laws in Canada?

    <p>Indigenous women and individuals with mental disabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1920s legislation passed in Canada regarding immigration?

    <p>It restricted entry based on the perceived IQ levels of immigrants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale differ from Binet's test?

    <p>It included tasks suitable for adults across various age ranges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Deviation IQ Score

    An IQ score derived from comparing a person's test performance to the average performance of others of the same age.

    IQ of 100

    The average IQ score, representing the middle of the bell curve for a specific age group in an IQ test.

    Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

    A test to measure intelligence, that varies in difficulty based on age and mental ability.

    Mental Age

    A measure of cognitive ability based on the average performance of a particular age group in an IQ test.

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    Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

    A commonly used IQ test for adults, assessing cognitive abilities across different cognitive domains

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    Achievement Test

    Designed to measure a person’s knowledge in a specific subject or area.

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    Aptitude Test

    Predicts a person's potential in a specific area or profession.

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    Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)

    A complete IQ score representing overall intelligence across several intellectual abilities.

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    Reliability

    A test's ability to consistently measure what it's designed to measure. If you take the same test multiple times, you should get similar results each time.

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    Validity

    A test's ability to measure what it's supposed to measure. A test can be reliable (consistent) but not valid (accurate).

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    IQ Scores - Predictive Power

    IQ scores are moderately successful at predicting academic success and occupational attainment, but success also depends on other factors like motivation and effort.

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    Intellectual Disabilities

    A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning (occurs in 2-3% of the population). Individuals with IQ scores 2 SD below the mean (70 or lower).

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    Adaptive Functioning Deficits

    Individuals with intellectual disabilities experience deficits in adaptive functioning across three domains: conceptual, social, and practical.

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    Conceptual Domain

    Refers to academic skills, knowledge, abstract thinking, and memory within adaptive functioning.

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    Social Domain

    Refers to social judgment, empathy, interpersonal communication skills, and the ability to interpret social cues within adaptive functioning.

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    Practical Domain

    Refers to personal daily care, job responsibilities, money management, and recreation within adaptive functioning.

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    Eugenics Movement

    A movement that sought to improve the human race through selective breeding, sterilization, and immigration restrictions based on the belief that intelligence is primarily inherited.

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    Forced Sterilization

    The practice of sterilizing individuals without their consent, often based on discriminatory assumptions about their intelligence or genetic traits.

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    Immigration Restrictions

    Laws or policies that limit or prevent people from entering a country based on perceived intellectual inferiority or other discriminatory factors.

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    IQ Test

    A standardized test used to measure intelligence, often assessed by comparing an individual's performance to standardized norms.

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    Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

    A score that represents an individual's intelligence relative to other people of the same age, calculated by comparing mental age to chronological age.

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    Are head size and intelligence related?

    No, head size and shape are not indicators of intelligence. Genetics play a significant role in intellectual capacity, but they are not determined by physical attributes.

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    What is the flaw in the eugenics movement?

    The eugenics movement was flawed because it was based on a flawed understanding of intelligence, which is not solely determined by genetics, and it used discriminatory practices to control reproduction.

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    Study Notes

    PSYC1010 CHAPTER 7: LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

    • Learning objectives for the chapter include: defining thinking, understanding reasoning and decision-making processes, analyzing problem-solving approaches, and identifying obstacles to effective problem-solving.

    What is Thinking?

    • Thinking involves manipulating mental representations of information.
    • Information can be words, images, sounds, or data from any sensory modality retained in memory.
    • Thinking transforms information into new forms to answer questions, solve problems, or achieve goals.

    Activity

    • Reflect on a friend or family member, a song, or a place you've visited.
    • Consider what happened during these experiences.

    Mental Images

    • Mental images are representations of objects or events in the mind.
    • Every sensory modality creates corresponding mental images (e.g., hearing a melody in your head).
    • Mental images share properties with their corresponding perceptions.
    • Mental images can be manipulated and rotated.

    Concepts: Categorizing the World

    • Concepts are mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
    • Concepts organize complex phenomena into simpler categories (e.g., Ferrari and Honda = car; pizza and sushi = food).
    • Concepts assist in classifying new objects based on prior experiences (e.g., anything with four wheels and a pedal = car).

    Concepts: Prototypes

    • Some concepts are easy to define; others are ambiguous.
    • When dealing with ambiguous concepts, people often use prototypes — highly representative examples.
    • For example, sparrows better represent the concept of birds than penguins, making sparrows prototypes.

    Algorithms and Heuristics

    • An algorithm is a rule that, if followed correctly, guarantees a solution. (e.g., systematically searching every aisle in a store to find canned tomatoes).
    • A heuristic is a strategy that may lead to a solution but may also result in errors. (e.g., going directly to the canned goods section to search for canned tomatoes).

    Heuristics: Specific Types

    • Representativeness heuristic: judging people or events based on how well they represent a category or group.
    • Availability heuristic: judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind (e.g., being more afraid of flying than driving due to media coverage).

    Problems of Thinking

    • Problems of inducing structure involve identifying underlying relationships between items.
    • Problems of arrangement involve rearranging parts to meet criteria.
    • Problems of transformation require completing a sequence of transformations to reach a goal.

    Problem Solving Approaches

    • Trial and error: repeatedly testing different solutions until success.
    • Means-ends analysis: repeatedly identifying differences between the current state and the goal state and taking steps to reduce those differences.
    • Working backward: starting with the desired end state and working backward to the current state.
    • Forming subgoals: breaking a problem into smaller, more manageable parts.
    • Insight: a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

    Obstacles to Problem Solving

    • Irrelevant information: incorrectly assuming all provided information is relevant to the solution.
    • Inaccurate evaluation of solutions: ignoring contradictory evidence or placing excessive trust in a single source of information.
    • Mental sets: persisting in an ineffective problem-solving approach even if new strategies would be more effective.
      • Functional fixedness: inability to use objects in ways other than their typical use, creating an obstacle to problem-solving (e.g., using a box of tacks merely as a container rather than as a way to mount something on the wall, as in the candle-mounting problem).
    • Confirmation bias: seeking out and placing more weight on information that supports one's existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory information about alternative hypotheses.

    Creativity

    • Creativity involves generating original ideas or solving problems in novel ways.
    • Divergent thinking is an ability associated with creativity, characterized by generating unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems.

    Creativity and Problem-solving: Additional Factors

    • Cognitive complexity: a preference for elaborate, intricate stimuli and thinking patterns
    • Intelligence is not highly correlated with creativity
    • Traditional intelligence tests often assess convergent rather than divergent thinking.

    Framing Effects

    • The way a problem is presented (framed) can influence how a person approaches it and their decisions.
    • Survival rate vs. mortality rate in describing treatment options, for example, can lead to different choices. Examples from daily life
    • Presenting options as "saving X lives" vs. "losing Y lives"

    Language: Defining and Development

    • Language is a way for two or more people to share complex thoughts and ideas, sharing information via symbols within a systematic set of rules.
    • Understanding how language develops helps one understand how people use language and how thinking occurs.
    • Language involves: components like phonology, syntax, and semantics.
    • Stages of language development, starting with reflexive communication and moving to language comprehension.

    Language Development: Milestones and General Rules

    • Babies produce various sounds (babbles), reflecting their surrounding language.
    • Language development stages, from first words (12 - 18 months) to two-word sentences (18 - 24 months), progressing to complete sentence structures.
    • Different perspectives on language development: considering if language is genetically/innately determined versus a learned or interactionist process.

    Language Deprivation

    • Exposure to language is essential to acquiring some aspects of language, as shown by examples like the case of Genie.

    Production of Language

    • Stages of language production. (1 and 2)
    • Overregularization: Errors in language use where children overapply grammatical rules even when the application is incorrect. (This is a common stage)
    • Comprehension precedes production. (This is true)

    Understanding Language Acquisition

    • Nativist approach: Language-acquisition device (LAD).
    • Learning-theory approach: Language is learned through reinforcement and conditioning.
    • Interactionist approach: Combination of innate predispositions and environment influence language development.

    Bilingualism: Advantage or Disadvantage?

    • Some research suggests bilingual children have smaller vocabularies in their individual languages comparatively to monolingual children.
    • However, other research shows that bilingual children perform better on tasks like task-switching and attention.

    Intelligence

    • Intelligence is the capacity to understand the world and use resources effectively while facing challenges.

    Different Views of Intelligence

    • Early intelligence theories: Focus on a single general intelligence factor(g).
    • Multiple intelligences (Gardner): Eight independent, different types of intelligence.
    • Triarchic model (Sternberg): Analytical (a), practical (p), and creative (c) intelligence.
    • Emotional intelligence (Goleman): Skills of self-awareness, empathy, motivation, and social and relationship skills.

    Historical Context of Intelligence Testing

    • Early attempts at measuring intelligence had biases and limitations (i.e., early IQ tests)
    • Galton's work on intelligence testing, for example.
    • The rise of eugenics.
    • Alfred Binet's work on developing the first real intelligence tests, emphasizing mental age vs. chronological age.

    Types of Intelligences (WAIS, Stanford-Binet)

    • WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and Stanford-Binet Scale: Common tests yielding both full-scale IQ scores (FSIQ) and detailed sub scores.

    Achievement and Aptitude Tests

    • Tests evaluating a person's existing knowledge (e.g., academic achievement) and their likely aptitude in an area or profession.
    • Aptitude tests are used to assess skills in an area, predict performance, or help select people for particular fields (e.g., medical school).

    Reliability and Validity of Tests

    • Reliability refers to the consistency of a test.
    • Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
    • Reliability does not ensure validity. An unreliable test cannot be valid.
    • Validity regarding intelligence scores and tests.

    Variations in Intellectual Abilities: Intellectual Disabilities

    • Intellectual disabilities are a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning.
    • Different types of intellectual disabilities.
    • Biological factors and genetic disorders.
    • Environmental factors, like low socioeconomic status.

    Variations in Intellectual Abilities: The Intellectually Gifted

    • Individuals with exceptional intellectual/cognitive abilities, e.g., high IQs (general, above ~130)

    The Range of Reaction Theory

    • The range of reaction theory describes how genetic potential interacts with the environment to shape a person's abilities.
    • Genes set boundaries (range) of potential, but environmental factors influence the realization of that potential.
    • Demonstrated by the idea that people do better from a good environment instead of a deprivation environment.

    Explaining Differences in Intelligence Scores:

    • Cultural biases in tests and in the way individuals are taught, etc.
    • Socioeconomic factors and resource availability.
    • Environmental factors.

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