Ultrasound Physics and Technology
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Questions and Answers

What happens to ultrasonic waves as the frequency increases?

  • They experience greater attenuation. (correct)
  • They travel further through the air.
  • They penetrate deeper into tissues.
  • They reflect more off soft tissues.

How does frequency affect the resolution in ultrasound imaging?

  • Higher frequency yields lower resolution.
  • Lower frequency allows for clearer images.
  • Resolution is independent of frequency.
  • Higher frequency provides higher resolution. (correct)

What is the role of the transducer probe in ultrasound imaging?

  • To translate reflected waves into images. (correct)
  • To amplify the reflected ultrasound signals.
  • To visualize larger areas without aiming.
  • To generate high-frequency sound waves.

Which of the following tissues would produce a white interface in ultrasound imaging?

<p>Bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does gain have on ultrasound imaging?

<p>It amplifies the reflected energy waves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of low-frequency ultrasound waves?

<p>Better penetration through soft tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do interfaces between different materials in ultrasound imaging produce?

<p>Varying degrees of reflection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which plane will vessels appear as circles during an ultrasound?

<p>Transverse plane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the appearance of tissues when the gain is set too high?

<p>The image becomes overly bright. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can ultrasound not travel through air?

<p>Ultrasound requires a medium for transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Prothrombin Time (PT) in adults?

<p>11-13.5 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) between 44 and 30?

<p>Stage 3b (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using ultrasound guidance for Central Venous Access Device (CVAD) insertion?

<p>Decreased mechanical complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a GFR of less than 15 indicate in the context of Chronic Kidney Disease?

<p>Kidney failure and need for transplant or dialysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency range for medical ultrasound?

<p>2 MHz to 15 MHz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with a Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) of 25-35 seconds?

<p>Normal clotting function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'attenuation' refer to in ultrasound physics?

<p>Loss of ultrasound energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is described by a GFR of 89 to 60?

<p>Stage 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measurements is NOT typically assessed during the ultrasound evaluation for CVAD insertion?

<p>Patient's blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a diagnosis of Stage 3a Chronic Kidney Disease imply?

<p>Mild to moderate loss of kidney function with a GFR of 59 to 45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which view do veins appear as tubes with a blackish center?

<p>Longitudinal view (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ultrasound gel during imaging?

<p>It eliminates the air interface to transmit ultrasound energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes arteries in ultrasound imaging?

<p>They appear as round objects in both transverse and longitudinal views. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment feature allows practitioners to effectively align needles for procedures?

<p>Needle guides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to veins when compressed by the transducer probe?

<p>They collapse easily and remain collapsed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the depth of image in ultrasound primarily controlled by?

<p>User preference and patient parameters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about real-time imaging is accurate?

<p>It generates rapidly changing images during the procedure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to maintain a sterile field with sterile probe covers?

<p>To prevent infection during procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do arteries appear when they pulsate under light to moderate compression?

<p>As round objects that exhibit pulsation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an orientation marker on a transducer?

<p>To assist with the alignment of the probe to patient anatomy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Orientation Marker

A ridge or marker on one end of the transducer to help the user align the probe consistently with the patient's body and match it with the marker on the ultrasound screen.

Ultrasound Gel

A gel applied to the skin that allows ultrasound energy to pass from the transducer into the body's soft tissues. It removes air, which blocks ultrasound waves.

Sterile Probe Covers

These covers are designed to maintain a sterile environment during ultrasound procedures.

Real-Time Imaging

The continuous process of producing images in rapid succession, creating the illusion of movement.

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Prothrombin Time (PT)

The time in seconds it takes for plasma to form a clot in the presence of calcium and tissue thromboplastin, measured by activating the extrinsic coagulation pathway.

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Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

The length of time required for a plasma sample to form a clot when exposed to a reagent that activates the intrinsic coagulation pathway.

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Depth of Image

The depth to which ultrasound can visualize tissue, measured in centimeters (cm) from the skin surface.

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Needle Guides

A slot in the transducer that holds a guide for needle placement, ensuring accurate angle and depth during procedures.

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International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A standardized test result that reflects the patient's ability to clot, accounting for inconsistencies between different laboratories.

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Veins (Transverse & Longitudinal)

In transverse view, veins appear round with a dark center. In the longitudinal view, they appear as tubes with a dark center. Veins collapse easily under pressure and don't pulsate.

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Normal Kidney Function

Normal kidney function without protein in the urine.

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Arteries (Transverse & Longitudinal)

In transverse view, arteries appear round, while in longitudinal view, they appear as tubes. Arteries pulsate with light to moderate pressure.

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Stage 1 CKD

Kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR, but no noticeable symptoms.

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Stage 2 CKD

Kidney damage with a mildly decreased GFR, where the kidneys start to lose their filtering ability.

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Ultrasound

A tool used for visualizing blood vessels, particularly for procedures like vascular access.

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Vessel Identification

The process of identifying and distinguishing veins and arteries using ultrasound.

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Stage 3a CKD

Mild to moderate loss of kidney function, with GFR ranging from 59 to 45.

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Stage 3b CKD

Moderate to severe loss of kidney function, necessitating further intervention.

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Stage 4 CKD

Severe loss of kidney function, with GFR between 29 and 15, requiring close monitoring and interventions.

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Stage 5 CKD

Kidney failure, where the kidneys are no longer able to filter waste adequately, and the person needs a kidney transplant or dialysis.

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Resolution

The ability to differentiate anatomical structures with detail. Higher frequency = better resolution but less penetration. Lower frequency = less resolution but more penetration.

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Transducer Probe

A device that sends and receives ultrasound waves, creating images on the screen. It uses piezoelectric crystals to convert electrical signals into sound waves and vice versa.

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Gain

Controls the brightness of the image. Adjusting Gain amplifies the strength of the reflected sound waves.

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Transverse Plane

A view of the image across the body, showing structures as circles.

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Longitudinal Plane

A view of the image along the length of the body, showing structures as lines.

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Penetration

The deeper the sound waves can penetrate into tissues. Higher frequency means less penetration, lower frequency means deeper penetration.

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Attenuation

How much the sound wave is weakened as it passes through tissue. High frequency means more attenuation, low frequency means less attenuation.

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Reflection

The bouncing back of sound waves at the interface between different tissues. Different tissues have different reflective properties.

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Frequency and Image Quality

The relationship between frequency and resolution and penetration.

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Acoustic Impedance

How easily sound waves travel through a tissue, fluids have poor reflection, soft tissues moderate reflection and bone/metal have high reflection.

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Study Notes

Ultrasound Physics

  • Frequency: Number of sound waves/second or cycle

  • MHz: A high frequency of millions per second

  • Amplitude: The higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation or more loss

  • Attenuation: Loss of energy as it travels through a material (greater loss with higher frequency and depth)

  • Penetration: The higher the frequency the less sound depth. High frequency sound has less depth

  • Reflection: High frequency sound is reflected off tissues of various densities

  • Scattering: Sound bounced back/reflected; surfaces soft tissue and fluid

  • B-mode: Produces images where gray degrees (varying shades of gray) are used to represent different tissues

  • Color Doppler: Uses different colors to indicate blood flow

Ultrasound Technology

  • Components

    • Transducer Probe: A device containing piezoelectric crystals that converts electrical energy into sound waves and vice versa

    • Transducer Components:

      • Transducer Probe - A device containing piezoelectric crystals that converts electrical energy to sound waves and vice versa. The probe is placed on the patient's skin.

      • Connecting Cables - Transmit electrical signals between the transducer and machine

      • Marker - Helps identify the probe orientation

      • Gel - Allows ultrasound waves to be transmitted from the transducer probe to the patient

      • Handle - Controls transducer movement

    • Image Display: The information gathered by the ultrasound produces an image on the display

    • Depth of Visualization: The portion of the image/tissue seen can be controlled by the user

Stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  • Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
  • Stage 2: Kidney damage with mildly decreased GFR
  • Stage 3: Mild to moderate to loss of kidney function
  • Stage 4: Severe loss of kidney function
  • Stage 5: Kidney failure and need for transplant or dialysis

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Ultrasound Technology PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of ultrasound physics and technology, including frequency, amplitude, attenuation, reflection, and the B-mode imaging technique. It also explores the components of ultrasound devices, particularly the transducer probe. Test your knowledge on how these aspects contribute to medical imaging.

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