Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of large adrenal carcinomas?
What is a characteristic of large adrenal carcinomas?
- They are typically small and asymptomatic
- They are small and homogeneous
- They can be very large and heterogeneous with cystic areas (correct)
- They are irregular and solid
Which primary cancer is most commonly associated with adrenal metastases?
Which primary cancer is most commonly associated with adrenal metastases?
- Liver
- Breast
- Pancreas
- Lung (correct)
What is a common characteristic of adrenal metastases?
What is a common characteristic of adrenal metastases?
- They are most clinically silent (correct)
- They are often bilateral
- They are usually associated with calcifications
- They cause central hemorrhage
What imaging characteristic is associated with adrenal metastasis of lung carcinoma?
What imaging characteristic is associated with adrenal metastasis of lung carcinoma?
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Where are the adrenal glands located?
What is the size of the adrenal glands?
What is the size of the adrenal glands?
When are fetal adrenal glands known to rapidly shrink?
When are fetal adrenal glands known to rapidly shrink?
In which fascia are the adrenal glands enclosed?
In which fascia are the adrenal glands enclosed?
What does the outer cortex of the adrenal glands produce?
What does the outer cortex of the adrenal glands produce?
Why is the left adrenal gland ultrasound more difficult?
Why is the left adrenal gland ultrasound more difficult?
What may be detected with ultrasound in cases of adrenal hemorrhage?
What may be detected with ultrasound in cases of adrenal hemorrhage?
What do benign neoplasms such as adenoma and myelolipoma appear as on ultrasound?
What do benign neoplasms such as adenoma and myelolipoma appear as on ultrasound?
How is right adrenal hemorrhage likely to appear on ultrasound?
How is right adrenal hemorrhage likely to appear on ultrasound?
What is the main difference in the normal ultrasound appearances of the right and left adrenal glands?
What is the main difference in the normal ultrasound appearances of the right and left adrenal glands?
What is the main function of the inner medulla of the adrenal glands?
What is the main function of the inner medulla of the adrenal glands?
Why must incidental, simple cysts in the adrenal glands be distinguished from renal, splenic, or pancreatic cysts?
Why must incidental, simple cysts in the adrenal glands be distinguished from renal, splenic, or pancreatic cysts?
What are the typical characteristics of adenomas on ultrasound?
What are the typical characteristics of adenomas on ultrasound?
What is the ultrasound technique for the right adrenal gland similar to?
What is the ultrasound technique for the right adrenal gland similar to?
What may be included in pathological findings of the adrenal glands?
What may be included in pathological findings of the adrenal glands?
What is the shape of the left adrenal gland in normal ultrasound appearances?
What is the shape of the left adrenal gland in normal ultrasound appearances?
Study Notes
Ultrasound Imaging of the Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal glands are 5cm thick at birth, with a central fold and medial and lateral wings
- The outer cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, while the inner medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Ultrasound technique for the right adrenal gland is similar to the upper pole of the right kidney
- The left adrenal gland ultrasound is more difficult due to a smaller acoustic window and gas interference
- Normal ultrasound appearances show the right adrenal gland as ovoid and the left as triangular with less echogenicity than perirenal fat
- Pathological findings may include hemorrhage, cysts, and benign neoplasms such as adenoma and myelolipoma
- Ultrasound can detect acute bright hyperechoic masses in the renal bed in cases of hemorrhage
- Right adrenal hemorrhage may appear as a septated cystic mass with internal echoes on ultrasound
- Incidental, simple cysts in the adrenal glands are uncommon and must be distinguished from renal, splenic, or pancreatic cysts
- Benign neoplasms, such as adenoma and myelolipoma, can be detected with ultrasound, but the appearances are non-specific
- Adenomas are small, solid, round, and well-defined on ultrasound
- Myelolipomas are typically hyperechoic masses in the adrenal bed, with internal hemorrhage and focal areas of calcification
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Description
Test your knowledge of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands with this quiz. Learn about normal ultrasound appearances, pathological findings, and distinguishing features of benign neoplasms such as adenoma and myelolipoma.
