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What is the central principle of administrative law, as described in this article?
What is the central principle of administrative law, as described in this article?
The central principle of administrative law is that a public authority may not act outside its powers (ultra vires).
What are the two main camps of thought regarding the principles of judicial review, as described in this article?
What are the two main camps of thought regarding the principles of judicial review, as described in this article?
- Those who believe that judicial review is based solely on legislative intention and those who believe that it's based on judicial creativity. (correct)
- Those who believe in a strong role for Parliament and those who believe in a strong role for the judiciary.
- Those who believe judicial review is necessary and those who believe it should be abolished.
- Those who believe in strict adherence to the rule of law and those who believe in flexible interpretation of the law.
Sir William Wade argues that judicial review should be limited solely to the justification of legislative intention.
Sir William Wade argues that judicial review should be limited solely to the justification of legislative intention.
True (A)
According to Forsyth, what is the consequence of abandoning the ultra vires doctrine?
According to Forsyth, what is the consequence of abandoning the ultra vires doctrine?
Laws argues that judicial power is unlimited.
Laws argues that judicial power is unlimited.
What does Forsyth argue must logically either coincide with or cut across the scope of power that Parliament confers?
What does Forsyth argue must logically either coincide with or cut across the scope of power that Parliament confers?
What two things are crucial to be aware of when approaching the power that the courts exercise over the executive branch through judicial review?
What two things are crucial to be aware of when approaching the power that the courts exercise over the executive branch through judicial review?
Craig argues that the grounds of judicial review are simply part of the common law.
Craig argues that the grounds of judicial review are simply part of the common law.
What does Forsyth argue regarding the relationship between legislative intention and judicial review?
What does Forsyth argue regarding the relationship between legislative intention and judicial review?
What is Laws's primary critique of Forsyth's arguments?
What is Laws's primary critique of Forsyth's arguments?
What is the "wall-to-wall" view of parliamentary sovereignty?
What is the "wall-to-wall" view of parliamentary sovereignty?
According to Laws, what is the consequence of mistakenly assuming that the existence of a legislative permission is necessitated by the absence of a legislative prohibition?
According to Laws, what is the consequence of mistakenly assuming that the existence of a legislative permission is necessitated by the absence of a legislative prohibition?
What is the point of Laws's argument that Parliament's intention cannot be interpreted as an exhaustive set of conditions for the exercise of power?
What is the point of Laws's argument that Parliament's intention cannot be interpreted as an exhaustive set of conditions for the exercise of power?
What is the first possibility of possible views on the role of parliamentary intention in judicial review?
What is the first possibility of possible views on the role of parliamentary intention in judicial review?
What is the second possibility of possible views on the role of parliamentary intention in judicial review?
What is the second possibility of possible views on the role of parliamentary intention in judicial review?
The traditional ultra vires doctrine is unable to adequately explain the development of administrative law over time.
The traditional ultra vires doctrine is unable to adequately explain the development of administrative law over time.
What is the modified ultra vires model proposed by the author?
What is the modified ultra vires model proposed by the author?
The modified ultra vires model is primarily based on an understanding of legislative intention.
The modified ultra vires model is primarily based on an understanding of legislative intention.
What is the primary challenge posed by ouster clauses to the traditional ultra vires doctrine, as identified by Craig?
What is the primary challenge posed by ouster clauses to the traditional ultra vires doctrine, as identified by Craig?
Explain the tension presented by ouster clauses in relation to the rule of law.
Explain the tension presented by ouster clauses in relation to the rule of law.
How does the author suggest that the courts reconcile the apparent contradiction between ouster clauses and the rule of law?
How does the author suggest that the courts reconcile the apparent contradiction between ouster clauses and the rule of law?
What is the challenge posed by the exercise of prerogative and de facto power to the traditional ultra vires doctrine?
What is the challenge posed by the exercise of prerogative and de facto power to the traditional ultra vires doctrine?
What is the author's argument for reconciling the justification for judicial review of statutory and non-statutory power?
What is the author's argument for reconciling the justification for judicial review of statutory and non-statutory power?
The author suggests that the traditional ultra vires doctrine has been able to account for the courts' application of the principle of proportionality in judicial review.
The author suggests that the traditional ultra vires doctrine has been able to account for the courts' application of the principle of proportionality in judicial review.
What is the author's argument for incorporating the development of administrative law into the traditional ultra vires model?
What is the author's argument for incorporating the development of administrative law into the traditional ultra vires model?
How does the author describe the courts' role in relation to ouster clauses?
How does the author describe the courts' role in relation to ouster clauses?
What is the author's argument for incorporating the principle of proportionality into the modified ultra vires doctrine?
What is the author's argument for incorporating the principle of proportionality into the modified ultra vires doctrine?
According to the author, what is the key to reconciling the justification for judicial review of statutory and non-statutory power?
According to the author, what is the key to reconciling the justification for judicial review of statutory and non-statutory power?
What is the primary argument against the modified ultra vires model according to Craig?
What is the primary argument against the modified ultra vires model according to Craig?
What is the author's response to Craig's criticism of the modified ultra vires model?
What is the author's response to Craig's criticism of the modified ultra vires model?
The author acknowledges that the modified ultra vires model may not provide a satisfactory explanation for all instances of judicial review.
The author acknowledges that the modified ultra vires model may not provide a satisfactory explanation for all instances of judicial review.
What is the author's overall argument for the modified ultra vires model?
What is the author's overall argument for the modified ultra vires model?
What is the author's main conclusion regarding the importance of the ultra vires doctrine?
What is the author's main conclusion regarding the importance of the ultra vires doctrine?
Flashcards
Ultra Vires Doctrine
Ultra Vires Doctrine
In administrative law, the principle that a public authority cannot act beyond its legally granted powers.
Judicial Review
Judicial Review
The power of courts to examine the legality of actions taken by governmental bodies.
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Parliamentary Sovereignty
The principle that Parliament has the ultimate authority to make and change laws.
Administrative Law
Administrative Law
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Legislative Intention
Legislative Intention
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Common Law
Common Law
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Rule of Law
Rule of Law
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Separation of Powers
Separation of Powers
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Ouster Clause
Ouster Clause
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Non-Statutory Power
Non-Statutory Power
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Collateral Challenge
Collateral Challenge
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Legislative Supremacy
Legislative Supremacy
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Study Notes
Ultra Vires Doctrine in a Constitutional Setting
- The law of judicial review has expanded rapidly in scope and significance
- Courts have rediscovered their constitutional duties, supervising administrative actions more closely.
- Uncertainty exists regarding the precise juridical basis for judicial review.
- Public lawyers debate whether judicial review is based on enforcing legislative intention or judicial creativity.
- Traditional view: judicial review enforces legislative intent and administrative action is deemed ultra vires (beyond the powers) if it is outside powers granted by Parliament.
- Alternative view: judicial review upholds broader constitutional principles like the rule of law and separation of powers.
- Sir William Wade: the central principle of administrative law is that public authorities cannot act ultra vires (outside their powers).
- Opponents of this view argue that the values underpinning judicial review derive from judicial decision-making.
Justifying Judicial Review
- Judicial review has expanded, and commentators search for deeper constitutional justifications.
- The ultra vires doctrine confines judicial review to enforcing legislative intent.
- Modern view: recognizes that the courts have a creative role in ensuring legal limits on public power.
- The existence of judicial review justification is questioned by Sir John Laws.
- Laws asserts that courts have no higher legal authority than Parliament
- Laws argues that the constitution provides no explicit limits to judicial power, and that the only true limits on the powers of the other branches of government are those that the courts choose to recognize
Relationship Between Legislative Intention and Judicial Review
- The modern tendency in public law is to challenge the notion that judicial grounds are based entirely upon legislative intent.
- Paul Craig argues that enforcing good administration is simply a matter of enforcing common law, not parliamentary intention.
- Christopher Forsyth: judicial review relies on both legislative intent and judicial creativity.
- Forsyth's thesis: any power not prohibited, is implicitly authorised.
- The analysis presents a wall-to-wall view of parliamentary sovereignty and overlooks other influences on judicial review, like the rule of law or basic human rights
- Laws's criticism: Forsyth's analysis is faulty. He questions the notion that parliament has to explicitly authorise every action.
Administrative Law Across Time
- Judicial review constraints are not fixed
- Judicial attitudes towards fundamental rights, legitimate expectations, and proportionality as a head of review have evolved
- These changes cannot be explained by legislative intention alone.
- The modified ultra vires model emphasizes the judge's creative role to ensure that the exercise of discretionary power complies with the rule of law as the constitution evolves.
- Courts use changing constitutional norms to update and reformulate judicial review principles.
- Example: The interpretation of "actual occupation" in the Land Registration Act 1925, which was adapted to reflect changing social and legal conditions.
Preclusive Clauses
- Courts face tension when dealing with provisions that limit or prevent judicial review.
- The ultra vires model can explain the reasoning in cases involving limits on judicial review.
- Example: Anisminic case: the court considered a provision excluding any judicial review to evaluate the legislative intent.
- The rule of law principle generally favours access to the court
- The courts resolve this tension by interpreting legislative intention in light of constitutional principles.
- Example: Collateral challenges to secondary legislation: courts recognize Parliament's ability to restrict, but ultimately uphold judicial review where relevant to the rule of law.
Judicial Review of Non-Statutory Power
- Courts supervise not only statutory power but also prerogative and de facto power
- The traditional ultra vires principle doesn't readily account for this broader review scope.
- Example: Gillick case involving non-statutory administrative power.
- A broader common law model better accommodates this wider scope of review, which rests on the rule of law
- This approach is consistent with the wider development and application of judicial review principles in situations beyond specific statutes.
Conclusion
- The uncertainty of the juridical basis for judicial review emphasizes the importance of a broader constitutional framework for administrative law.
- Focus on parliamentary intention overlooks the judges' role in developing administrative law principles.
- The modified ultra vires model reconciles legislative supremacy with judicial creativity in upholding the rule of law.
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