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Questions and Answers
Which method of sterilization involves the use of steam under high pressure?
Which method of sterilization involves the use of steam under high pressure?
Autoclaving
Which of the following is NOT a type of disinfection?
Which of the following is NOT a type of disinfection?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicable disease?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicable disease?
The incidence of a disease refers to the number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period.
The incidence of a disease refers to the number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period.
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Morbidity rate refers to the frequency or proportion of individuals in a population that are affected by a specific disease, illness, or health condition.
Morbidity rate refers to the frequency or proportion of individuals in a population that are affected by a specific disease, illness, or health condition.
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The mortality rate is the same as the death rate.
The mortality rate is the same as the death rate.
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What is the definition of 'endemic diseases'?
What is the definition of 'endemic diseases'?
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A pandemic disease is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously.
A pandemic disease is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the infectious disease process?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the infectious disease process?
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What are the two main types of infections acquired in health care settings?
What are the two main types of infections acquired in health care settings?
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Handwashing is considered the most important measure to reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens in healthcare settings.
Handwashing is considered the most important measure to reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens in healthcare settings.
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The goal of medical asepsis is to exclude pathogens.
The goal of medical asepsis is to exclude pathogens.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of disinfectant?
Which of the following is NOT a type of disinfectant?
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Surgical asepsis aims to completely eliminate all microbes from a specific area.
Surgical asepsis aims to completely eliminate all microbes from a specific area.
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Standard precautions are to be applied to the care of all patients in all health care settings, regardless of suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent.
Standard precautions are to be applied to the care of all patients in all health care settings, regardless of suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent.
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Which of the following is NOT a vaccine-preventable infectious disease?
Which of the following is NOT a vaccine-preventable infectious disease?
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Gloves can protect both patients and healthcare personnel from exposure to infectious materials that may be carried on hands.
Gloves can protect both patients and healthcare personnel from exposure to infectious materials that may be carried on hands.
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Isolation gowns are typically the first piece of PPE to be donned.
Isolation gowns are typically the first piece of PPE to be donned.
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Masks are primarily used to protect the healthcare worker from contact with infective material from patients.
Masks are primarily used to protect the healthcare worker from contact with infective material from patients.
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A vaccine is a type of material that can naturally induce immunity to an infectious disease.
A vaccine is a type of material that can naturally induce immunity to an infectious disease.
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Herd immunity refers to indirect protection from infection that happens when a population is immune.
Herd immunity refers to indirect protection from infection that happens when a population is immune.
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Attenuated vaccines utilize weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
Attenuated vaccines utilize weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
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Inactivated vaccines are made with pathogens that have been killed by heat or chemicals.
Inactivated vaccines are made with pathogens that have been killed by heat or chemicals.
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A toxoid is a type of toxin that has been made harmless through heat or chemical treatment.
A toxoid is a type of toxin that has been made harmless through heat or chemical treatment.
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Vaccines stimulate the recipient's immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells.
Vaccines stimulate the recipient's immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells.
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Herd immunity protection is achieved when a high percentage of the population is immune to a disease.
Herd immunity protection is achieved when a high percentage of the population is immune to a disease.
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What is the primary goal of medical asepsis?
What is the primary goal of medical asepsis?
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Surgical asepsis involves procedures to render and keep objects and areas sterile.
Surgical asepsis involves procedures to render and keep objects and areas sterile.
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Standard precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents between patients and health care personnel.
Standard precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents between patients and health care personnel.
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Blood is not usually sterile.
Blood is not usually sterile.
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A lumbar puncture is used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.
A lumbar puncture is used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.
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What is the name given to the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the meninges?
What is the name given to the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the meninges?
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A sputum sample is primarily used to assess upper respiratory tract infections.
A sputum sample is primarily used to assess upper respiratory tract infections.
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A throat swab is a type of specimen collected to determine whether a patient has strep throat.
A throat swab is a type of specimen collected to determine whether a patient has strep throat.
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Fecal/stool specimens should preferably be processed immediately at the laboratory to prevent a decrease in temperature and a drop in the pH level.
Fecal/stool specimens should preferably be processed immediately at the laboratory to prevent a decrease in temperature and a drop in the pH level.
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The scientific study of the immune system and immune response is called immunology.
The scientific study of the immune system and immune response is called immunology.
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Antibiotics are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.
Antibiotics are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.
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Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.
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Active acquired immunity involves antibodies that are produced within the person's body.
Active acquired immunity involves antibodies that are produced within the person's body.
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Passive acquired immunity involves receiving antibodies that were produced by another person or more than one person.
Passive acquired immunity involves receiving antibodies that were produced by another person or more than one person.
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A vaccine is a substance that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease.
A vaccine is a substance that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease.
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Herd immunity is a type of indirect protection against infectious disease that happens when a population is immune.
Herd immunity is a type of indirect protection against infectious disease that happens when a population is immune.
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Attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
Attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
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The primary way to reduce the number of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is strict compliance with infection control guidelines.
The primary way to reduce the number of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is strict compliance with infection control guidelines.
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Handwashing is the most important single measure to reduce the risks of transmitting pathogens from patients to healthcare workers.
Handwashing is the most important single measure to reduce the risks of transmitting pathogens from patients to healthcare workers.
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Surgical asepsis is designed to eliminate all microbes from a specific area.
Surgical asepsis is designed to eliminate all microbes from a specific area.
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Standard precautions are to be applied to the care of all patients in all health care settings, regardless of suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent.
Standard precautions are to be applied to the care of all patients in all health care settings, regardless of suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent.
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Standard precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents between patients and health care personnel.
Standard precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents between patients and health care personnel.
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Study Notes
Microbiology & Parasitology - Midterms
- Sanitization: Reduction of microbial populations to public health standards (e.g., restaurants)
- Microbial Control: Chemical methods (e.g., sterilization, disinfection, pasteurization)
- Sterilization: Destruction of all microbes (including spores and viruses); methods include dry heat, autoclaving, ethylene oxide gas and liquid chemicals
- Disinfection: Elimination of pathogens (except spores) from non-living objects; uses chemicals or wet pasteurization
- Pasteurization: Disinfecting liquids (e.g., milk) by a method of heating
- Aseptic Techniques: To exclude microorganisms from a particular area (sterilize area)
- Chemical Methods: Details on different kinds of chemicals for sterilzation, disinfection, and their uses.
- Physical Methods: Different methods of heat sterilization are discussed
- Principles of Disease and Epidemiology: includes Terminologies in Epidemiology, Terminologies in Diseases, Examples of Pandemic, and Chain of Infection.
- Viral, bacterial and other infections: Detailed discussion of various diseases, including their classification, symptoms, and causes
- Types of Diseases: Examples of sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases
- Epidemiological Terminologies: Infectious disease, communicable disease, contagious disease, zoonotic disease, incidence of disease, morbidity rate, mortality rate, etc.
- Healthcare Epidemiology: Study of occurrence, determinants, distribution and control of health and disease in healthcare settings; focus on infection control to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) Also discussed the different types of HAIs
- Modes of Transmission: Direct contact, indirect contact (droplet and airborne), and various examples of methods to prevent transmission and prevent further infection in healthcare settings.
- Infection Control: Multiple methods to prevent infections in healthcare settings; breaking the chain of infection is mentioned
- Medical Asepsis and Clean Technique & Surgical Asepsis & Sterile Technique: Measures to remove pathogens; specific disinfectants and sterilization techniques
- PPE and personal protection: Details on using personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect both patients and healthcare personnel to reduce the risk of infections
- Clinical specimens: Various biological samples and the significance of specimen collection, use, and procedures
Immunity and Immunology
- Immunology: The scientific study of the immune system and immune responses
- Antigens: Molecules stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies
- Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens
- Active Acquired Immunity: Immunity developed in response to an infection or vaccination.
- Passive Acquired Immunity: Immunity where ready-made antibodies from another source are introduced
- Types of Acquired Immunity: details of the two different types (active, passive); includes natural and artificial forms or each.
- Vaccines: Artificial method to induce immunity to an infectious disease; different types of vaccines are classified and discussed
- Types of Vaccination: Attenuated (weakened pathogen) or Inactivated (killed pathogen) or Toxoid (inactivated toxin)
- How vaccines work: Vaccines stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce protective antibodies.
Other Notes
- Medical Terminology: definitions and concepts of various terms related to different types of infectious diseases (e.g., TB, Malaria, etc.).
- Clinical Specimens: Methods of collection and processing of specimens like urine, sputum, etc.
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