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Questions and Answers
What does toughness refer to in materials?
What does toughness refer to in materials?
What is the elastic limit of a material?
What is the elastic limit of a material?
What defines a soft storey in a building?
What defines a soft storey in a building?
What does liquefaction refer to?
What does liquefaction refer to?
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What does the center of rigidity represent?
What does the center of rigidity represent?
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Which statement best defines significant wave height?
Which statement best defines significant wave height?
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What are road work signs designed to do?
What are road work signs designed to do?
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What causes seiches in water bodies?
What causes seiches in water bodies?
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What term is used to describe the pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly?
What term is used to describe the pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly?
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At what temperature does liquid water have the highest density?
At what temperature does liquid water have the highest density?
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What is the main component measured in the standard penetration tests for medium dense sand?
What is the main component measured in the standard penetration tests for medium dense sand?
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In soil classification according to AASHTO, what size of soil is considered cobbles?
In soil classification according to AASHTO, what size of soil is considered cobbles?
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What phenomenon occurs when molecules attract to each other in soil mechanics?
What phenomenon occurs when molecules attract to each other in soil mechanics?
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What is a caisson primarily used for?
What is a caisson primarily used for?
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Where is the metacenter located for a stable equilibrium in a floating body?
Where is the metacenter located for a stable equilibrium in a floating body?
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What is shoring used for in construction?
What is shoring used for in construction?
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What is the porosity when the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids?
What is the porosity when the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding shear strength in relation to normal stress?
Which of the following statements is true regarding shear strength in relation to normal stress?
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Which sign provides information to road users about routes and services?
Which sign provides information to road users about routes and services?
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What shape are guide signs typically designed in?
What shape are guide signs typically designed in?
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Which of these is NOT a method to avoid traffic conflicts?
Which of these is NOT a method to avoid traffic conflicts?
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What does queue time refer to?
What does queue time refer to?
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What is the primary purpose of traffic instruction signs?
What is the primary purpose of traffic instruction signs?
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Which of the following would likely NOT be classified as a pier?
Which of the following would likely NOT be classified as a pier?
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What is surface tension responsible for in liquids?
What is surface tension responsible for in liquids?
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What does the degree of saturation measure?
What does the degree of saturation measure?
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What is cohesion in relation to soil mechanics?
What is cohesion in relation to soil mechanics?
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What phenomenon occurs during soil liquefaction?
What phenomenon occurs during soil liquefaction?
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Which size of gravel is specified by the USCS standard?
Which size of gravel is specified by the USCS standard?
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Which of the following core materials is not a component of soil?
Which of the following core materials is not a component of soil?
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What does a sieve analysis assess?
What does a sieve analysis assess?
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What is the maximum recommended steepness of a cut or fill?
What is the maximum recommended steepness of a cut or fill?
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What characterizes transverse cracks in pavement?
What characterizes transverse cracks in pavement?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the formation of alligator cracks?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the formation of alligator cracks?
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What is the primary cause of block cracks in pavement?
What is the primary cause of block cracks in pavement?
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Which type of tide is characterized by two high tides and two low tides in a 24 hour period?
Which type of tide is characterized by two high tides and two low tides in a 24 hour period?
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What is raveling in terms of pavement distress?
What is raveling in terms of pavement distress?
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In the context of concrete construction, what is the purpose of floating?
In the context of concrete construction, what is the purpose of floating?
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What defines a diurnal tide?
What defines a diurnal tide?
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What is the main feature of flushing in asphalt pavement?
What is the main feature of flushing in asphalt pavement?
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Study Notes
Surface Tension
- It is the elastic tendency of liquids that makes them acquire the least surface area possible.
- When a denser object than water (like a mosquito) can float or run on the water surface, this is because of surface tension.
Degree of Saturation
- The ratio between the volume of water and the volume of voids.
Porosity
- The ratio between the volume of void and the volume of the soil mass.
Moisture Content
- The ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solid particles.
Archimedes
- Developed the law of buoyancy.
Steady Flow
- A flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular fixed point does not change with time.
Cohesion
- The component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction.
Liquefaction
- A phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
Effective Stress
- The weight of sand keeps the grains stuck together, mostly out of static friction. This weight and pressure is called effective stress.
Gas
- Not a soil component. Components of soil are organic materials, minerals, etc.
Sieve Analysis
- A procedure used to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material.
- The size distribution is crucial to the way the material performs in use.
Gravel
- According to the Unified Soil Classification System, a soil grain greater than 4.75 mm but less than 75 mm.
Boulders
- Particles of rock that will not pass a 12 in (200 mm).
Cobble
- Particles of rock that will pass a 12 in (300 mm) square opening and be retained on a 3 in (75 mm).
Coarse Aggregate
- Passes a 3 in (75 mm) sieve and retains a ¾ in (19 mm) sieve.
Fine Aggregate
- Passes a ¾ in (19 mm) sieve and retains a No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Footing Settlement
- The location of the groundwater table, depth of backfill, and plasticity of soil affect the settlement of the footing.
Steepness of Fill
- The steepness of the fill and the steepness of the cut shall not exceed 1:2 (1 vertical and 2 horizontal).
Turbulent Flow
- When the path lines of the individual particles of a flowing liquid are irregular curves and continually cross each other, forming a complicated network.
Hydraulic Gradient
- A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.
Water Hammer
- A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change).
Cohesive Soil
- A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength is 0 to 24 kPa.
Water Density
- The temperature at which liquid water has the highest density is 4°C.
Pascal's Principle
- The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished to all portions of the liquid.
Bernoulli's Principle
- In any stream flowing steadily without friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.
No. 40 Sieve
- For determining the Atterberg limits (plastic and liquid limits), the soil sample must pass through a 0.425 mm sieve.
Cohesionless Soil
- Easy to compact, high shear strength, and prone to settlement due to vibrating loads are characteristics.
Standard Penetration Test
- Medium dense sand has a number of blows of 10 to 30.
Shear Strength of Soil
- The shear strength of a soil increases with an increase in normal stress.
Triaxial Shear Test
- It acts on all plane axes except the x and y axes.
- The additional stress (deviator stress) can affect the shear stress in the horizontal plane.
Vane Test
- Not performed in a laboratory.
Cobble in AASHTO
- Soil greater than 75mm is classified as cobbles.
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Equation
- In the equation 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4BɣNɣ, Nc, Nq, and Nɣ are functions of the angle of friction.
Cohesion
- When molecules get attracted to others, it is called cohesion.
Metacenter for Stable Equilibrium
- It is above the center of gravity.
Porosity and Void Ratio
- If the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids, the porosity is 0.5 and the void ratio is 1.0.
Shear Strength of Cohesionless Soil
- The shear strength of a cohesionless soil is proportional to the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance.
Yielding
- The stress point where a material will have appreciable deformation when a small amount of stress is experienced.
Toughness
- The ability of a material to deform in a plastic range without breaking.
Elastic Limit
- The greatest stress that can be applied to an elastic body without causing permanent deformation.
Torsional Shear Stress
- This type of stress develops when the center of mass and center of rigidity of a structure do not coincide.
Soft Storey
- A building which has a floor that is less than 70% as stiff as the floor immediately above it, or less than 80% as stiff as the average stiffness of the three floors above it.
Storey Drift
- Refers to the lateral displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below.
Reciprocal of Deflection
- Best refers to the rigid structure.
Liquefaction
- Best described as a sudden drop of shear strength.
Springs in Parallel
- If two springs with sudden stiffness of k1 and k2 are arranged in parallel, then k=k1+k2.
Center of Rigidity
- The point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts.
Center of Mass
- The point of a structure through which the applied seismic force acts.
Reciprocal of Stiffness
- Refers to the flexibility of a structure.
Traffic Signs
- A device mounted on a fixed support that conveys a specific message, using words or symbols, for the purpose of regulating, warning, and guiding traffic.
Road Work Signs
- Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged in roadwork.
Special Instructions Signs
- Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road conditions.
Significant Wave
- Defined as the average height of the highest one-third of waves in a wave train.
- It is the maximum height and wave period of the maximum wave height in a wave train.
Seiches
- Typically caused when strong winds and rapid changes in atmospheric pressure push water from one end of a body of water to the other.
Wind Swells
- Created by wind blowing above the ocean close to the shore.
Wake Effect
- Wind speed decreases, and turbulence increases.
Wind Sea
- When directly generated and affected by local wind.
Caisson
- A watertight structure used for construction or repair work in the water, particularly in the construction of bridges, dams, and other large structures.
- A box-like structure made of reinforced concrete or steel that is open at the bottom and closed at the top.
Shoring
- A temporary support system used in construction to provide structural support to an existing structure or excavation.
Pier
- A raised platform or structure that extends out over a body of water (like a river, harbor, or ocean) and provides a docking point for ships.
Guide Sign
- Provides information to road users about routes, directions, distances, points of interest, and the location of services.
- They are typically placed on highways, expressways, and other major roads to help drivers navigate and plan their trips.
- They are typically rectangular in shape and have white lettering on a green or blue background.
Traffic Instruction Sign
- Provides information, guidance, or instructions to road users.
- Used to indicate speed limits, direction of travel, lane usage, parking regulations, and other traffic regulations.
- Usually rectangular in shape with bold, easy-to-read lettering and symbols.
7 Ways to Avoid Traffic Conflicts
- Separating traffic
- Traffic signals
- Roundabouts
- Grade separations
- Speed limits
- Proper signage and markings
- Education and awareness
Delay
- The difference between the actual time and some ideal travel time for a given segment of a transportation system.
Queue Time
- The time a vehicle spends waiting in a queue, such as in traffic or at a toll booth.
Transverse Cracks
- Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement centerline, which may be caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt concrete or may be reflective cracks.
Alligator Crack
- Type of cracking caused by aging, poor drainage, heavy traffic loads, and inadequate pavement thickness.
Block Crack
- A type of pavement distress that appears as interconnected rectangular cracks resembling a block pattern.
- Caused by the shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface.
Longitudinal Crack
- Cracks that run parallel to the direction of traffic flow or the pavement centerline.
Safety Sight Distance
- Depends on road geometry, road surface conditions, road illumination at night, and road topography.
- Also depends on characteristics of the vehicles, such as eye height of the driver and type of vehicle.
Screeding
- The process of leveling a layer of concrete, mortar, or other material with a straight edge of a screed board.
Trowelling
- Used in concrete construction to smooth and level the surface of freshly poured concrete.
Floating
- Typically done after the initial screeding process to remove surface imperfections and consolidate the concrete surface.
Finishing
- The final stage in which the surface of the concrete is treated to achieve the desired appearance, texture, and durability.
Age of Tides
- The interval (up to 2.5 days) between the highest tide for each location and the new/full moon.
Diurnal Tide
- A tidal pattern characterized by a single high tide and single low tide lasting 24 hours and 50 minutes.
Lunar Tide
- The regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth's ocean.
Semi-Diurnal Tide
- A pattern of tidal fluctuations characterized by two high tides and two low tides of approximately equal size in a 24-hour period.
Raveling
- Wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the dislodging of aggregate particles and binder.
Bleeding
- A form of distress in asphalt pavement characterized by the upward movement of asphalt binder in the pavement surface.
Flushing
- The occurrence of a film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface, caused by excessive application of a low viscosity asphalt emulsion or an asphalt binder.
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