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Questions and Answers

What does toughness refer to in materials?

The ability to deform in plastic range without breaking (correct)

The greatest stress an elastic body can withstand

The point where material starts to yield

The ability to return to original shape after stress

What is the elastic limit of a material?

The maximum plastic deformation a material can endure

The greatest stress applied without permanent deformation (correct)

The point of maximum tensile strength

The immediate deformation point under stress

What defines a soft storey in a building?

The bottom floor of a building that supports all other floors

Any floor with concrete less than 10 cm thick

A floor less than 70% as stiff as the floors above (correct)

A floor that is made of softer materials compared to others

What does liquefaction refer to?

A sudden drop of shear strength in saturated soils Signup and view all the answers

What does the center of rigidity represent?

The point through which resistance to lateral force acts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines significant wave height?

The average height of the highest one third of waves Signup and view all the answers

What are road work signs designed to do?

Warn of temporary hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What causes seiches in water bodies?

Strong winds and rapid atmospheric pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly?

Water Hammer Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does liquid water have the highest density?

4°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component measured in the standard penetration tests for medium dense sand?

Number of blows Signup and view all the answers

In soil classification according to AASHTO, what size of soil is considered cobbles?

Greater than 75mm Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when molecules attract to each other in soil mechanics?

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What is a caisson primarily used for?

To carry out construction or repair work in water Signup and view all the answers

Where is the metacenter located for a stable equilibrium in a floating body?

Above the center of gravity Signup and view all the answers

What is shoring used for in construction?

To provide temporary structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is the porosity when the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids?

0.5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding shear strength in relation to normal stress?

Shear strength increases with increasing normal stress Signup and view all the answers

Which sign provides information to road users about routes and services?

Guide sign Signup and view all the answers

What shape are guide signs typically designed in?

Rectangular Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a method to avoid traffic conflicts?

Increased vehicle speed Signup and view all the answers

What does queue time refer to?

The time a vehicle spends waiting in a queue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of traffic instruction signs?

To inform road users about speed limits and regulations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would likely NOT be classified as a pier?

A road leading into the water Signup and view all the answers

What is surface tension responsible for in liquids?

The ability of objects denser than water to float or move on the surface Signup and view all the answers

What does the degree of saturation measure?

Volume of water to total volume of voids Signup and view all the answers

What is cohesion in relation to soil mechanics?

The shear strength component independent of friction Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs during soil liquefaction?

Soil loses strength and stiffness due to rapid loading Signup and view all the answers

Which size of gravel is specified by the USCS standard?

Greater than 4.75 mm but less than 75 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following core materials is not a component of soil?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

What does a sieve analysis assess?

The particle size distribution of granular materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended steepness of a cut or fill?

1:2 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes transverse cracks in pavement?

Cracks at right angles to the pavement centerline Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the formation of alligator cracks?

Excessive sunlight exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of block cracks in pavement?

Shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tide is characterized by two high tides and two low tides in a 24 hour period?

Semi-Diurnal Tide Signup and view all the answers

What is raveling in terms of pavement distress?

Wearing away of the pavement surface due to aggregate dislodging Signup and view all the answers

In the context of concrete construction, what is the purpose of floating?

To remove surface imperfections Signup and view all the answers

What defines a diurnal tide?

High tide and low tide occurring once every 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of flushing in asphalt pavement?

Film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Surface Tension

It is the elastic tendency of liquids that makes them acquire the least surface area possible.
When a denser object than water (like a mosquito) can float or run on the water surface, this is because of surface tension.

Degree of Saturation

The ratio between the volume of water and the volume of voids.

Porosity

The ratio between the volume of void and the volume of the soil mass.

Moisture Content

The ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solid particles.

Archimedes

Developed the law of buoyancy.

Steady Flow

A flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular fixed point does not change with time.

Cohesion

The component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction.

Liquefaction

A phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.

Effective Stress

The weight of sand keeps the grains stuck together, mostly out of static friction. This weight and pressure is called effective stress.

Gas

Not a soil component. Components of soil are organic materials, minerals, etc.

Sieve Analysis

A procedure used to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material.
The size distribution is crucial to the way the material performs in use.

Gravel

According to the Unified Soil Classification System, a soil grain greater than 4.75 mm but less than 75 mm.

Boulders

Particles of rock that will not pass a 12 in (200 mm).

Cobble

Particles of rock that will pass a 12 in (300 mm) square opening and be retained on a 3 in (75 mm).

Coarse Aggregate

Passes a 3 in (75 mm) sieve and retains a ¾ in (19 mm) sieve.

Fine Aggregate

Passes a ¾ in (19 mm) sieve and retains a No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.

Footing Settlement

The location of the groundwater table, depth of backfill, and plasticity of soil affect the settlement of the footing.

Steepness of Fill

The steepness of the fill and the steepness of the cut shall not exceed 1:2 (1 vertical and 2 horizontal).

Turbulent Flow

When the path lines of the individual particles of a flowing liquid are irregular curves and continually cross each other, forming a complicated network.

Hydraulic Gradient

A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.

Water Hammer

A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change).

Cohesive Soil

A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength is 0 to 24 kPa.

Water Density

The temperature at which liquid water has the highest density is 4°C.

Pascal's Principle

The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished to all portions of the liquid.

Bernoulli's Principle

In any stream flowing steadily without friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.

No. 40 Sieve

For determining the Atterberg limits (plastic and liquid limits), the soil sample must pass through a 0.425 mm sieve.

Cohesionless Soil

Easy to compact, high shear strength, and prone to settlement due to vibrating loads are characteristics.

Standard Penetration Test

Medium dense sand has a number of blows of 10 to 30.

Shear Strength of Soil

The shear strength of a soil increases with an increase in normal stress.

Triaxial Shear Test

It acts on all plane axes except the x and y axes.
The additional stress (deviator stress) can affect the shear stress in the horizontal plane.

Vane Test

Not performed in a laboratory.

Cobble in AASHTO

Soil greater than 75mm is classified as cobbles.

Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Equation

In the equation 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4BɣNɣ, Nc, Nq, and Nɣ are functions of the angle of friction.

Cohesion

When molecules get attracted to others, it is called cohesion.

Metacenter for Stable Equilibrium

It is above the center of gravity.

Porosity and Void Ratio

If the volume of voids is equal to the volume of solids, the porosity is 0.5 and the void ratio is 1.0.

Shear Strength of Cohesionless Soil

The shear strength of a cohesionless soil is proportional to the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance.

Yielding

The stress point where a material will have appreciable deformation when a small amount of stress is experienced.

Toughness

The ability of a material to deform in a plastic range without breaking.

Elastic Limit

The greatest stress that can be applied to an elastic body without causing permanent deformation.

Torsional Shear Stress

This type of stress develops when the center of mass and center of rigidity of a structure do not coincide.

Soft Storey

A building which has a floor that is less than 70% as stiff as the floor immediately above it, or less than 80% as stiff as the average stiffness of the three floors above it.

Storey Drift

Refers to the lateral displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below.

Reciprocal of Deflection

Best refers to the rigid structure.

Liquefaction

Best described as a sudden drop of shear strength.

Springs in Parallel

If two springs with sudden stiffness of k1 and k2 are arranged in parallel, then k=k1+k2.

Center of Rigidity

The point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts.

Center of Mass

The point of a structure through which the applied seismic force acts.

Reciprocal of Stiffness

Refers to the flexibility of a structure.

Traffic Signs

A device mounted on a fixed support that conveys a specific message, using words or symbols, for the purpose of regulating, warning, and guiding traffic.

Road Work Signs

Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged in roadwork.

Special Instructions Signs

Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road conditions.

Significant Wave

Defined as the average height of the highest one-third of waves in a wave train.
It is the maximum height and wave period of the maximum wave height in a wave train.

Seiches

Typically caused when strong winds and rapid changes in atmospheric pressure push water from one end of a body of water to the other.

Wind Swells

Created by wind blowing above the ocean close to the shore.

Wake Effect

Wind speed decreases, and turbulence increases.

Wind Sea

When directly generated and affected by local wind.

Caisson

A watertight structure used for construction or repair work in the water, particularly in the construction of bridges, dams, and other large structures.
A box-like structure made of reinforced concrete or steel that is open at the bottom and closed at the top.

Shoring

A temporary support system used in construction to provide structural support to an existing structure or excavation.

Pier

A raised platform or structure that extends out over a body of water (like a river, harbor, or ocean) and provides a docking point for ships.

Guide Sign

Provides information to road users about routes, directions, distances, points of interest, and the location of services.
They are typically placed on highways, expressways, and other major roads to help drivers navigate and plan their trips.
They are typically rectangular in shape and have white lettering on a green or blue background.

Traffic Instruction Sign

Provides information, guidance, or instructions to road users.
Used to indicate speed limits, direction of travel, lane usage, parking regulations, and other traffic regulations.
Usually rectangular in shape with bold, easy-to-read lettering and symbols.

7 Ways to Avoid Traffic Conflicts

Separating traffic
Traffic signals
Roundabouts
Grade separations
Speed limits
Proper signage and markings
Education and awareness

Delay

The difference between the actual time and some ideal travel time for a given segment of a transportation system.

Queue Time

The time a vehicle spends waiting in a queue, such as in traffic or at a toll booth.

Transverse Cracks

Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement centerline, which may be caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt concrete or may be reflective cracks.

Alligator Crack

Type of cracking caused by aging, poor drainage, heavy traffic loads, and inadequate pavement thickness.

Block Crack

A type of pavement distress that appears as interconnected rectangular cracks resembling a block pattern.
Caused by the shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface.

Longitudinal Crack

Cracks that run parallel to the direction of traffic flow or the pavement centerline.

Safety Sight Distance

Depends on road geometry, road surface conditions, road illumination at night, and road topography.
Also depends on characteristics of the vehicles, such as eye height of the driver and type of vehicle.

Screeding

The process of leveling a layer of concrete, mortar, or other material with a straight edge of a screed board.

Trowelling

Used in concrete construction to smooth and level the surface of freshly poured concrete.

Floating

Typically done after the initial screeding process to remove surface imperfections and consolidate the concrete surface.

Finishing

The final stage in which the surface of the concrete is treated to achieve the desired appearance, texture, and durability.

Age of Tides

The interval (up to 2.5 days) between the highest tide for each location and the new/full moon.

Diurnal Tide

A tidal pattern characterized by a single high tide and single low tide lasting 24 hours and 50 minutes.

Lunar Tide

The regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth's ocean.

Semi-Diurnal Tide

A pattern of tidal fluctuations characterized by two high tides and two low tides of approximately equal size in a 24-hour period.

Raveling

Wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the dislodging of aggregate particles and binder.

Bleeding

A form of distress in asphalt pavement characterized by the upward movement of asphalt binder in the pavement surface.

Flushing

The occurrence of a film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface, caused by excessive application of a low viscosity asphalt emulsion or an asphalt binder.

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