UHC Act of 2019 and Philippine Healthcare System

Greek Civilization

• Emphasis on healthful living: hygiene, nutrition, fitness, and sanitation
• Military medical service: 1 doctor for every 500 men
• Greek cities: Cnidos (stressed disease), Cos (emphasized patient care)
• Hippocrates: emphasized air, water, and places in relation to health
• Asclepius: Greek god of medicine, rejuvenation
• Hygieia: Greek goddess of health, sanitation, and cleanliness

Roman Civilization

• Focus on healthy mind, body, and wealth to maintain good health
• Poor health attributed to bad water and sewage
• Greatest achievement: development of drains, sewers, and sewage disposal
• Conduit pipes made of bronze and ceramics
• Aqueducts channeled fresh water

History of Public Health

Medieval and Renaissance Period

• Middle Ages: spiritual era of public health
• Black Death, leprosy, smallpox, diarrhea, tuberculosis, and anthrax were prevalent
• Medieval Catholic Europe: church dominance, plagues due to divine retribution
• Clerics approved physicians, epilepsy and mental illness seen as demonic possessions
• Leprosaria: institutions for leprosy patients
• Medieval Islamic East: Rhazes and Ibn Sinna (Avicenna) adapted classical teachings
• Cordova Medical Academy: knowledge and scholarship paved the way for modern European medicine

Hepatitis B and C

• Hepatitis B: DNA virus, symptoms include jaundice, fever, dark urine, and pale stool
• Hepatitis C: RNA virus, liver infection, rarely transmitted sexually, most widespread chronic bloodborne infection in the US
• Symptoms: digestive disorders, diarrhea, ascites, vascular asterisks, sleep disruption, and infections

Infection Control Strategies

• Elimination: most effective, most difficult to implement, removes hazard physically
• Substitution: replacement of hazard
• Engineering control: isolates people, physical changes in workstations, equipment, and facilities
• Administrative controls: policies, standards, and guidelines, changes way people work
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): least effective, easiest to implement, protects worker with PPE

Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

• Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs): newly appeared or existed previously
• Ancient Indian Civilizations: Ayurvedic medicine, emphasis on hygiene, sanitation, and water supply
• Ancient Egyptian Civilization: emphasis on life, health, and illness, widespread parasitic diseases
• Ancient Hebrew Civilization: Hebrew Mosaic Law, emphasis on hygiene, reproductive and maternal health, and lepers' isolation
• Mesopotamian Civilizations: diseases recognized in Cuneiform tablets, supernatural and natural causes of diseases

Philippine Healthcare System

• Universal Health Care Act of 2019: signed by Duterte, funded by sin taxes, government, and formal sectors
• Salient features: financial risk protection, access to quality hospitals and healthcare facilities
• Philippine Healthcare Delivery System: organization interacting to provide services, access to health services hampered by high cost, physical factors, and socio-economic factors
• Types of PHDS: public, private, and voluntary agencies
• Global Burden of Diseases: collective disease burden around the world, global burden of disease study (GBD)

Pregnancy and Childbirth

• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): hormone made by placenta prevents insulin
• Reproductive history: menstrual history, maternal infections, and hypertension
• Stages of pregnancy: 1st trimester (placenta and hormones), 2nd trimester (ears and sex determined), 3rd trimester (four senses)
• Common discomforts during pregnancy: nausea, headaches, vomiting, yeast infections, and heartburn
• Health habits during pregnancy: well-balanced diet, lifestyle choices, gestational weight, and prenatal care
• Childbirth: Lamaze, signs of childbirth (lightening, Braxton-Hicks contractions, ripening of the cervix)