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Emperor Hadrian commissioned which of the following?
Emperor Hadrian commissioned which of the following?
Coffers were a useful architectural device in that they performed what main function?
Coffers were a useful architectural device in that they performed what main function?
What did the column of Trajan depict?
What did the column of Trajan depict?
The Imperial Procession panel placed on the Ara Pacis alludes to which Roman ideals set in place by Augustus?
The Imperial Procession panel placed on the Ara Pacis alludes to which Roman ideals set in place by Augustus?
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The velarium used within the Colosseum is
The velarium used within the Colosseum is
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The sculptural form of the Augustus of Primaporta is intended to recall
The sculptural form of the Augustus of Primaporta is intended to recall
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The column of Trajan had many functions, including all of the following EXCEPT:
The column of Trajan had many functions, including all of the following EXCEPT:
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The Second Style wall paintings are characterized by which of the following?
The Second Style wall paintings are characterized by which of the following?
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How were Etruscan sculptures different from Greek Archaic work?
How were Etruscan sculptures different from Greek Archaic work?
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What is the term for (in Etruscan culture), 'an artificial mound of earth and stones placed over a grave'?
What is the term for (in Etruscan culture), 'an artificial mound of earth and stones placed over a grave'?
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The interior of Etruscan tombs were decorated to resemble
The interior of Etruscan tombs were decorated to resemble
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Etruscan sculpture is known for
Etruscan sculpture is known for
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In his ruler portraits, Augustus promoted himself as
In his ruler portraits, Augustus promoted himself as
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Who was Apollodorus of Damascus?
Who was Apollodorus of Damascus?
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The Temple of Minerva has a triple cella, statues on the rooftop, a high podium, a deep porch and
The Temple of Minerva has a triple cella, statues on the rooftop, a high podium, a deep porch and
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The Republican veristic trend in portraiture stems back to the tradition of
The Republican veristic trend in portraiture stems back to the tradition of
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Inside the passageway of the Arch of Titus, he is shown ascending into heaven, a process called the
Inside the passageway of the Arch of Titus, he is shown ascending into heaven, a process called the
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The Basilica Ulpia
The Basilica Ulpia
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The main reason the Pantheon was able to open up the interior space without the use of columns is due to the use of
The main reason the Pantheon was able to open up the interior space without the use of columns is due to the use of
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The Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus depicts a chaotic scene of battle between Romans and one of their northern foes, probably the
The Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus depicts a chaotic scene of battle between Romans and one of their northern foes, probably the
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What did Constantine issue that ended the persecution of the Christians?
What did Constantine issue that ended the persecution of the Christians?
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The House of the Vettii was located in Rome, Italy.
The House of the Vettii was located in Rome, Italy.
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In Etruscan culture, entire (wealthy) families and servants were buried together in one tomb.
In Etruscan culture, entire (wealthy) families and servants were buried together in one tomb.
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Pont-du-Gard is a triumphal arch dedicated to Titus.
Pont-du-Gard is a triumphal arch dedicated to Titus.
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In the 2nd style of Wall Painting, there is evidence of the use of linear and atmospheric perspective.
In the 2nd style of Wall Painting, there is evidence of the use of linear and atmospheric perspective.
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Gladiators at the Colosseum were always trained, experienced fighters.
Gladiators at the Colosseum were always trained, experienced fighters.
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Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Palatine Hill.
Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Palatine Hill.
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The Colosseum uses engaged Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian columns.
The Colosseum uses engaged Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian columns.
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The city of Petra was annexed by Rome in 106 CE by the emperor
The city of Petra was annexed by Rome in 106 CE by the emperor
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The 'Flavian Amphitheater' was later called the Colosseum because of a 30-ft statue of
The 'Flavian Amphitheater' was later called the Colosseum because of a 30-ft statue of
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Little is known about Etruscan temples, except for what Roman Architect
Little is known about Etruscan temples, except for what Roman Architect
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The bronze Capitoline Wolf depicts the two infant brothers
The bronze Capitoline Wolf depicts the two infant brothers
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Name an artwork that depicts/is evidence of Etruscan women enjoying a more privileged status than their Greek or Roman counterparts.
Name an artwork that depicts/is evidence of Etruscan women enjoying a more privileged status than their Greek or Roman counterparts.
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The center of the Roman Empire was on the
The center of the Roman Empire was on the
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The Roman Republic vested power mainly in a
The Roman Republic vested power mainly in a
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In 211 BCE,
In 211 BCE,
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__________ was murdered on the Ides of March, 44 BCE, plunging the Roman world into a bloody civil war.
__________ was murdered on the Ides of March, 44 BCE, plunging the Roman world into a bloody civil war.
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Historians mark the passage from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire in 27 BCE when the senate conferred the title of
Historians mark the passage from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire in 27 BCE when the senate conferred the title of
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The Arch of Titus shows the conquest of
The Arch of Titus shows the conquest of
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__________ picked Trajan to be his successor, a capable and popular general born in __________.
__________ picked Trajan to be his successor, a capable and popular general born in __________.
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Match the following types of Roman vaults:
Match the following types of Roman vaults:
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Match the following Latin terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following Latin terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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What is the title of the work located at Petra?
What is the title of the work located at Petra?
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What materials were used to build the Treasury at Petra?
What materials were used to build the Treasury at Petra?
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Petra was built by the Nabataeans and remained unaffected by Roman occupation.
Petra was built by the Nabataeans and remained unaffected by Roman occupation.
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What was the function of the Treasury at Petra?
What was the function of the Treasury at Petra?
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The Roman emperor Hadrian visited Petra and named it after himself: Hadriane ______.
The Roman emperor Hadrian visited Petra and named it after himself: Hadriane ______.
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What architectural elements does the Temple of Portunus exhibit from Hellenistic Greek architecture?
What architectural elements does the Temple of Portunus exhibit from Hellenistic Greek architecture?
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The Temple of Portunus is built using traditional Italian superstructure materials like wood and mud brick.
The Temple of Portunus is built using traditional Italian superstructure materials like wood and mud brick.
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What are the Etruscan elements found in the Temple of Portunus?
What are the Etruscan elements found in the Temple of Portunus?
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Study Notes
Etruscans
- Etruscan sculpture is known for dynamically moving in space.
- Etruscan sculptures avoid nudity.
- Etruscan tombs were decorated to resemble the interior of a home.
- An artificial mound of earth and stones placed over a grave is called a tumuli.
- Evidence of Etruscan women enjoying a more privileged status than their Greek or Roman counterparts is found in the Sarcophagus of the Spouses.
Romans
- Imperial Procession panel placed on the Ara Pacis alludes to Roman ideals set in place by Augustus, especially family values.
- The Augustus of Primaporta sculptural form is intended to recall Greek classic sculptures like Doryphoros.
- The Column of Trajan depicts the 2 wars against the Dacians.
- Emperor Hadrian commissioned The Pantheon.
- The Second Style wall paintings are characterized by the wall seemingly opening up into an illusionistic landscape.
- Coffers helped lighten the weight of a dome or arch.
- The velarium used within the Colosseum is a curtain over the top to provide shade.
- Republican veristic trend in portraiture stems back to the tradition of imagines.
- The Basilica Ulpia is a public building that has two apses.
- The Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus depicts a chaotic scene of battle between Romans and the Goths.
- The Temple of Minerva in Rome had a triple cella, statues on the rooftop, a high podium, a deep porch, and steps/entrance only on one side.
- Historians mark the passage from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire in 27 BCE, when the senate conferred the title of Augustus on Octavian.
- The Edict of Milan ended the persecution of the Christians.
- The bronze Capitoline Wolf depicts the two infant brothers Romulus and Remus.
- The city of Petra was annexed by Rome in 106 CE by the emperor Trajan.
- The "Flavian Amphitheater" was later called the Colosseum because of a 30-ft statue of Nero located nearby.
- Little is known about Etruscan temples, except for what Roman Architect Vitruvius wrote about extensively.
- The centre of the Roman Empire was on the Tiber River.
- Roman Republic vested main power in a Senate, literally a council of elders.
- In 211 BCE, Marcellus (conqueror of Syracuse) brought back to Rome not only the spoils of war, but also art!
- Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March, 44 BCE, plunging the Roman world into a bloody civil war.
- The Arch of Titus shows the conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
- Emperor Nerva picked Trajan to be his successor; a capable general born in Spain.
- The main reason the Pantheon was able to open up the interior space without the use of columns is due to the use of concrete.
The Treasury at Petra
- The Treasury at Petra was built by the Nabataeans, a nomadic people, in the 2nd century BCE, it was conquered by the Romans in 106 CE.
- The treasury is a tomb.
- The building has both Nabataean and Roman architectural features. There are Corinthian columns, rock-cut walls and Greek temple influence.
- Examples of Greek influence in this building:
- The building is accessed through a dramatic gateway, called a propylaeum, similar to the Propylaea at the Acropolis in Athens.
- The use of a grand staircase that leads to a colonnade terrace in the lower precinct.
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The Temple of Portunus (also known as The Temple of Fortuna Virilis), ca. 75 BCE, in Rome has both Etruscan and Greek elements.
- The Etruscan influence is represented in the high podium, one side only entrance and the use of Ionic columns.
- The Greek influence comes from the temple layout and form.
The Colosseum
- The Colosseum was built using engaged Tuscan, Doric and Corinthian columns.
- At the Colosseum, gladiators were not always trained, experienced fighters.
- The Colosseum used a velarium to provide shade.
- The Colosseum was called the Flavian Amphitheater.
The Roman House
- Roman houses were called Domus and they included fauces, alae, atrium, impluvium, tablinum, triclinium, cubicula.
Types of Roman Vaults
- Hemispherical dome with an oculus.
- Groin vault.
- Barrel vault.
- Stacked groin vault.
Roman Domus
- A Roman domus was a private house.
- The domus contained a fauces (entrance hall) which led to the atrium.
- The atrium was a reception area.
- The atrium normally had an impluvium, which was a basin for catching rainwater.
- Alae were wings on either side of the atrium and were used as offices or storage rooms.
- The tablinum was a home office located at the back of the atrium.
- The triclinium was a dining room.
- Cubicula were bedrooms for family members and slaves.
Treasury at Petra
- Approached through a monumental gateway, called a propylaeum, and a grand staircase that leads to a colonnade terrace in the lower precincts.
- A second staircase leads to the upper precincts.
- A third staircase of the Treasury leads to the main temple.
- Dates: Early 2nd century/ c.400 B.C.E.- 100 C.E.
- Materials: Cut rock, sandstone.
- Petra was a central city of the Nabaeans, a nomadic people, until Roman occupation in 106 C.E.
- The city was built along a caravan route.
- The Nabataeans buried their dead in the tombs, cut out of sandstone cliffs.
- 500 royal tombs in the rock, but no human remains found, burial practices are unknown.
- The tombs are small.
- The city is half built, half carved out of rock.
- The city is protected by a narrow canyon entrance.
- In reality it was a tomb, not a “treasury” as the name implies.
- Roman emperor Hadrian visited the site and named it after himself: Hadriane Petra.
- Nabataean concept and roman features such as Corinthian columns.
- Monuments carved in traditional Nabataean rock-cut cliff walls.
- Lower story influenced by Greek and Roman temples but with unusual features.
- Columns not proportionally placed.
- Pediment does not cover all columns, only the central four.
- Upper floor of the Treasury: broken pediment with a central tholos.
- Combination of Roman and indigenous traditions.
- Greek, Egyptian & Assyrian gods on the facade.
- Interior: one central chamber with two flanking smaller rooms.
Greek Elements
- The Temple of Portunus utilizes Ionic columns, a key feature of Greek architecture.
- Engaged pilasters and columns, another hallmark of Greek architecture, are integrated into the temple's design.
- The use of permanent building materials, like stone, aligns with the Greek architectural tradition and contrasts with the typical Italian use of wood, terracotta, and mud bricks.
Etruscan Elements
- Its ground plan, featuring a deep porch and high podium, reflects Etruscan architectural influence.
- The presence of a frontal staircase also aligns with Etruscan architectural conventions.
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