Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best represents the five freedoms necessary for animal welfare?
Which of the following best represents the five freedoms necessary for animal welfare?
What is the primary focus of animal welfare as opposed to animal rights?
What is the primary focus of animal welfare as opposed to animal rights?
What is a significant concern with using stray animals for research purposes?
What is a significant concern with using stray animals for research purposes?
Which statement best describes the role of veterinarians in laboratory animal research?
Which statement best describes the role of veterinarians in laboratory animal research?
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What is a primary role veterinarians play in animal research?
What is a primary role veterinarians play in animal research?
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Which law is primarily focused on safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research?
Which law is primarily focused on safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animal welfare?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animal welfare?
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How does animal rights philosophy generally differ from animal welfare philosophy?
How does animal rights philosophy generally differ from animal welfare philosophy?
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What is the significance of Social Licence to Operate in the context of animal welfare?
What is the significance of Social Licence to Operate in the context of animal welfare?
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Which organization or aspect is most likely to support the idea of animal rights?
Which organization or aspect is most likely to support the idea of animal rights?
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Which statement best summarizes the primary purpose of the Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science (PALAS)?
Which statement best summarizes the primary purpose of the Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science (PALAS)?
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What is a key aspect of euthanasia in the context of laboratory animals?
What is a key aspect of euthanasia in the context of laboratory animals?
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Which group is NOT mentioned as part of the affiliations of the Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science?
Which group is NOT mentioned as part of the affiliations of the Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science?
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Which of the following statements regarding pain in laboratory animals is true?
Which of the following statements regarding pain in laboratory animals is true?
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Which law governs the ethical treatment of animals in research in the Philippines?
Which law governs the ethical treatment of animals in research in the Philippines?
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What should NOT be a characteristic of ideal euthanasia methods?
What should NOT be a characteristic of ideal euthanasia methods?
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Which of the following statements about analgesia and anesthesia is accurate?
Which of the following statements about analgesia and anesthesia is accurate?
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Why might some painful procedures be classified as 'minor' in laboratory settings?
Why might some painful procedures be classified as 'minor' in laboratory settings?
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Study Notes
One Health
- One Health is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
- The health of people is closely connected to the health of animals and the shared environment.
Laboratory Animals: Roles in Society
- Laboratory animals play crucial roles in medical discoveries and advancements.
- Specific examples include contributions to monoclonal antibody techniques, organ transplantation, prion discovery, MRI, HIV discoveries, and papilloma virus discoveries.
- Examples of animals used include mice, dogs, hamsters, monkeys, chimpanzees, cows, fruit flies, and more.
- Specific scientists and years are listed in a table, showing the contributions of each.
Animal Research Saves Animals Too
- Animal research has led to advancements in companion animal treatments, including flea/tick medications, rabies and leukemia vaccines, and treatments for diabetes and cancer.
- Animal research contributes to longer, happier, and healthier lives for animals.
Laboratory Animal Population
- A graph depicts the laboratory animal population from 1979 onward.
- Data shows the number of animals over time.
- This data likely represents a trend.
Purposes of Experiments
- A pie chart illustrates the breakdown of the purposes of experiments.
- Key purposes include education and training, diagnosis of disease, fundamental biology, safety evaluation, veterinary medicine production, and human medicine production.
- Each purpose is represented by a portion of the pie chart.
Uses of Laboratory Animals
- A triangular diagram shows how laboratory animals are utilized in research, from most basic to most complex applications.
- Basic uses include education and training, and more advanced uses are applied research and fundamental research.
Fundamental Research
- Fundamental research focuses on the relationships between bodily processes and disease causes.
- This involves increasing knowledge without immediate practical applications.
- Genetically modified mouse models and studying how the liver processes toxins are examples.
Applied Research
- Applied research focuses on life processes, disease prevention and treatment, and genetic/environmental factors.
- Examples include producing products like antibodies, vaccine development, and potency and safety testing.
- This covers developing treatments and tools for human health.
Diagnostic Purposes
- Diagnosis of disease accounts for about 2% of laboratory animal uses.
- This area is increasingly replaced by non-animal methods.
Education and Training
- Laboratory animals are used in education, including dissections and wet labs.
- Providing hands-on experiences with animals is considered beneficial for learning and is an interesting way to teach about practical skills and science to students.
- 2% of laboratory animals are utilised for these educational purposes.
- Alternatives include mannequins, computer simulations, and ethically sourced cadavers.
Alternative Models in Education
- Alternative models like mannequins, computer simulations, and ethically sourced cadavers have been developed for medical education.
Objectives
- These include the role of laboratory animals in society, different uses, welfare issues, laws governing animals in the Philippines, and veterinary roles in lab research.
Animal Welfare vs Animal Rights
- Animal welfare is centred on science and promotes the experience of animals in life.
- Animal welfare focuses on animal well-being in human care, has measurable standards, and is peer-reviewed and transparent.
- Animal rights is centred on philosophy and ethics and condemns human uses of animals.
- Rights opposes human interactions with animals.
Five Freedoms
- The five freedoms are: Freedom from hunger and thirst; Freedom from discomfort; Freedom from pain, injury, and disease; Freedom to express normal behavior; and Freedom from fear and distress.
Welfare Issues
- Sources of animals; housing of animals; procedures; and euthanasia are core welfare issues requiring consideration.
Sources of Animals
- Licensed breeding establishments; animals bred specifically for research; wild-caught animals; and use of stray animals (controversial) are common practices.
- The goal is to utilize these excess animals to reduce the need to sacrifice purpose-bred animals.
Controlling Sources (animal welfare)
- Controlling sources reduces the risk of introducing disease, beneficial for overall animal health, and for research data.
Housing of Animals
- Animals spend most time in housing.
- Physical needs must be addressed: food, water, and disease prevention.
- Environmental enrichment is important to improving animal welfare.
Procedures (animal welfare)
- Pain in lab animals is historically poorly understood and treated.
- Different species have distinct behavioral responses.
- Analgesia and anesthesia can reduce pain.
- Pain scores can measure pain.
- All procedures are not necessarily painful.
Euthanasia
- Euthanasia is often crucial, and integral to experiments, with a humane endpoint (end of trial).
- It should be non-painful, with a short time to unconsciousness and death.
- The process should be reliable, minimally psychologically stressful to the animals, and safe for the operator.
- Death must be confirmed. Methods include injection, inhalation, and physical methods.
Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
- Students have reading assignments regarding animal care and use laws, and the research project needs to be approved.
- This occurs in the Philippines.
Ethical Guidelines for Use of Animals in Research
- Ethical guidelines exist for using animals in research.
Republic Act 8485 of 1998
- This Act is otherwise known as the Animal Welfare Act.
- The DA (Department of Agriculture) created administrative order 40 in 1998, describing the rules and regulations for the conduct of scientific procedures using animals.
DA-AO no. 40 series of 1998
- These rules and regulations, signed by the Secretary Edgardo J. Angara, were published in Malaya Newspaper on November 18, 1999.
- The basis for this regulation is section 1, 2, 3, and 6 of RA 8485 of 1998.
- The Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science (PALAS) played a role in the creation of these rules.
Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science (PALAS)
- Founded in 1988.
- Member of AFLAS (Asian Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations).
- Affiliate of PVMA (Philippine Veterinary Medical Association).
- Developed a code of practice for laboratory animals in 1993.
- Aims to champion the development and advancement of laboratory animal science and advocate ethical and professional standards.
- PALAS implements the Animal Welfare Act of 1998, and corresponding regulations (DA-AO no. 40).
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
- The IACUC works towards ensuring animals under their control are used and cared for humanely.
Preclinical Drug Testing
- This involves pre-experiments in order to prepare for human trials of drugs and procedures.
- The cycle starts with preclinical studies in animals and phases 1 through 4 for humans.
- These tests assess drugs' effects and safety before human use.
Important Duties — Veterinarians
- Duties include IACUC work (3Rs); tissue collection and processing; down-stream analysis (PCR, qPCR, western blot, flow cytometry); data analysis/manuscript preparation; and ensuring research is conducted responsibly and competently.
- Veterinarians also need to provide knowledge and skills for designing and carrying out experiments.
The 3 Rs of Animal Research
- Reduce, Refine, Replace are the core principles in animal research.
Mouse Model Generation
- Considerations for breeding include quantity, genotype, choosing breeders, and procedures like PCR for proper genotyping.
- Also necessary are weaning records and monitoring general animal health and blood conditions.
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