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Questions and Answers

What is Skill Acquisition?

The part of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) treatment that focuses on teaching and maintaining new skills to help the learner function more independently and productively in life.

What are the essential components of a written Skill Acquisition Plan?

A written document that specifies how to teach a particular skill consistently.

What should a Skill Acquisition Plan specify?

The overall target to be taught.

What teaching procedures might a Skill Acquisition Plan specify?

<p>Procedures such as discrete trial teaching, natural environment teaching, and chaining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials should be specified in a Skill Acquisition Plan?

<p>The particular teaching materials needed for the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a learning environment be prepared for a Skill Acquisition Plan?

<p>By minimizing distractions and having appropriate reinforcers available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Skill Acquisition Plan specify about instruction?

<p>What instructions to deliver to the learner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target response in a Skill Acquisition Plan?

<p>The particular target response expected from the learner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may a Skill Acquisition Plan specify about reinforcement?

<p>What particular reinforcers to use, which may change frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a Skill Acquisition Plan determine regarding prompting?

<p>The prompts to be used and the prompt fading procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skills are typically taught using a Skill Acquisition Plan?

<p>Skills with multiple different targets or exemplars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does session preparation in a Skill Acquisition Plan involve?

<p>Reviewing the learner's skill acquisition plan and notes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement in the context of ABA?

<p>A consequence added to a person's environment that strengthens behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

<p>Removal of a consequence that increases the behavior that led to its removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

<p>A reinforcer whose effectiveness does not depend on a learning history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conditioned reinforcers?

<p>Reinforcers that have acquired effectiveness through a person's learning history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tokens in the context of ABA?

<p>Conditioned reinforcers earned for correct responses that can be exchanged for more powerful reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to balance discrete trial training and naturalistic teaching?

<p>Alternating between DTT and Naturalistic Teaching methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

<p>A procedure of reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Task Analysis and Chaining?

<p>It is the process of breaking down complex skills into smaller, teachable steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of Task Analysis and Chaining? (Select all that apply)

<p>Brushing teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chaining type involves teaching the last step first?

<p>Backward chaining</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain forward chaining.

<p>Forward chaining teaches the initial step of a behavior chain first, followed by subsequent steps over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is backward chaining?

<p>Backward chaining teaches the final step of a task first, while all other steps are prompted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is total task presentation?

<p>It involves presenting the entire task and having the learner complete all steps of the chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination means the ability of a learner to understand the differences between two or more ______.

<p>things</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus control mean?

<p>It refers to a behavior being reinforced only in the presence of a specific stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of how stimulus control works.

<p>A child learns that tantrums lead to a break from a task when her grandmother is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discriminative stimulus?

<p>It signals the availability of reinforcement for a desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does simultaneous discrimination involve?

<p>It involves making discrimination between two or more stimuli that are present at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mass trials in simultaneous discrimination training?

<p>It is the procedure where the same simple discrimination is presented repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is random rotation in simultaneous discrimination training?

<p>It involves randomly alternating between asking for different stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define successive discriminations.

<p>They involve performing one behavior in the presence of one stimulus and another behavior in the presence of another stimulus later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prompting?

<p>It is a supplementary stimulus used to occasion a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe physical prompting.

<p>Physical prompting includes providing physical assistance to help the learner perform the expected behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is verbal prompting?

<p>It involves using spoken words or instructions to assist the learner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain prompt fading.

<p>It is the process of gradually reducing the prompts given to encourage independent functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in training?

<p>It refers to the spreading of training effects from one setting or response to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define response generalization.

<p>It occurs when one behavior trained in the presence of one stimulus leads to a different behavior in the same context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is multiple exemplar training?

<p>It involves teaching more than one example of a skill or concept to ensure generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skill Acquisition in ABA

  • Focuses on teaching and maintaining new skills for independence and productivity.
  • Integral part of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) treatment.

Skill Acquisition Plan Components

  • Written Skill Acquisition Plan: A structured document guiding the teaching process; must adhere to ensure treatment integrity.
  • Terminal Skill or Goal: Defines overall target to be taught in the skill acquisition plan.
  • Teaching Procedures: Specifies methods for teaching, such as discrete trial teaching or natural environment teaching.
  • Materials: Lists teaching materials needed; e.g., bread and ingredients for sandwich preparation.
  • Preparing the Learning Environment: Minimize distractions and have appropriate reinforcers ready.
  • Instruction: Details on how to deliver instructions to learners.
  • Target Response: Specifies what response is expected from the learner after instruction.
  • Reinforcement: Guidelines on reinforcers, which should be adjusted based on learner preferences.
  • Prompting or Prompt Fading: Establishes prompts to assist learners and procedures for gradually reducing prompts.
  • Teaching Targets or Exemplars: Identifies multiple targets or examples for skills to be acquired.
  • Session Preparation: Initial time in each session for reviewing plans and recent notes.

Reinforcement Principles

  • Contingencies of Reinforcement: Reinforcement strengthens behaviors; positive reinforcement adds a pleasant consequence.
  • Types of Reinforcement:
    • Positive Reinforcement: Adds a desirable stimulus to increase behavior; e.g., turning on a favorite radio station for calm behavior.
    • Negative Reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior; e.g., turning down loud music.
  • Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Reinforcement:
    • Unconditioned Reinforcers: Operate based on natural instincts (e.g., food and water).
    • Conditioned Reinforcers: Gain value through learning experiences.

Token Systems and Schedules

  • Tokens: Conditioned reinforcers that can be exchanged for preferred items or activities.
  • Reinforcement Schedules:
    • Continuous: Reinforcement occurs every time a behavior is exhibited.
    • Intermittent: Reinforcement given only some of the time; includes fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval formats.

Naturalistic and Discrete Trial Training

  • Discrete Trial Training (DTT): A highly structured method focusing on rapid learning through clear instruction, response, and consequence.
    • DTT includes error correction procedures to reinforce accurate responses.
  • Naturalistic Teaching: Child-directed learning that embeds motivation within contexts and combines mastered skills.
    • Includes techniques like pivotal response training and incidental teaching, focusing on real-life applications.

Mastery Criteria and Shaping

  • Mastery Criteria: Sets benchmarks for determining when skills are mastered; typically requires high accuracy over multiple sessions.
  • Shaping: Reinforcement of successive approximations towards a target behavior until the desired behavior is achieved.

Task Analysis and Chaining

  • Task Analysis: Breakdown of complex skills into smaller, teachable components, creating a behavioral chain.
  • Chaining Varieties:
    • Forward Chaining: Teaching starts with the first step of the sequence.
    • Backward Chaining: Learner performs the last step independently while all prior steps are prompted.
    • Total Task Presentation: The complete task is taught at once, allowing the learner to practice all steps with minimal prompts.

Discrimination Training

  • Essential for learning to differentiate between behaviors or stimuli; focuses on understanding the distinctions in reactions based on context.### Stimulus Control
  • Refers to behaviors reinforced in the presence of specific stimuli or instructions, leading to consistent behavior in those contexts.
  • Example: A child with ASD learns that tantrums elicit a break from tasks, indicating that the grandmother has stimulus control over the behavior.

Discriminative Stimulus

  • Instruction that has established stimulus control in teaching settings; desired behaviors are reinforced by the presence of the instructor.

Simultaneous Discriminations

  • Involves distinguishing between two or more stimuli occurring simultaneously, e.g., multiple-choice questions.

Steps in Simultaneous Discrimination Training

  • Mass Trials: Repeated simple discrimination trials, e.g., asking a learner to touch a specific toy multiple times.
  • Mass Trial with a Distractor: Involves one additional stimulus, such as presenting two pictures while asking to identify one.
  • Random Rotation: Alternates asking about different stimuli in a random order, representing a more difficult level of discrimination.

Successive Discriminations

  • Engaging in one behavior in the presence of a stimulus, then a different behavior with another stimulus later.

Prompting

  • Uses supplementary stimuli to elicit responses from learners; essential to fade prompts for independence.

Types of Prompting

  • Physical: Provides assistance through touch; includes full and partial physical prompts.
  • Model: Demonstrates the desired behavior, can be a vocal or physical demonstration.
  • Verbal: Offers instructions or questions to guide appropriate responses.
  • Gestural: Uses non-verbal cues, like pointing at the correct item.
  • Proximity: Places the correct stimulus closer to the learner.
  • Visual: Utilizes visual schedules to aid transitions and understanding.

Prompting Categories

  • Extrastimulus Prompts: External cues provided outside the target stimulus.
  • Intrastimulus Prompts: Cues embedded within the target stimulus itself.

Prompt Fading

  • A critical process where prompts are gradually reduced to encourage learner independence; can be done in two ways:
    • Least to Most: Start with minimal prompts and increase if needed.
    • Most to Least: Begin with full assistance and decrease over time.
  • Time Delay: Introduces pauses before prompting to encourage independent responses.
  • Prompt Dependence: Refers to the failure to fade prompts despite multiple attempts.

Stimulus Control Transfer Procedures

  • Essential when a behavior should be evoked by a different stimulus that allows for independent response in real-life contexts.

Generalization Procedures

  • Involves applying learned behavior to various settings and stimuli, viewed as a central goal in treatment.
  • Stimulus Generalization: Behavior learned in one context occurs in similar contexts.
  • Response Generalization: A trained behavior leads to the emergence of related behaviors.

Multiple Example Training (MET)

  • A strategy involving teaching multiple examples of a concept to promote generalization.

Training Across People and Settings

  • Important for learners with ASD; includes varied instructors and environments to reinforce learning.

Maximizing Learning Opportunities

  • Learning optimizes when learners interact with antecedents, respond, and receive consequences; focus on quality opportunities.

Maintenance Procedures

  • Ensures skills persist over time, even after direct targeting has ceased; critical for generalization.

Transitioning to Natural Reinforcers

  • Aims to gradually adapt reinforcement schedules to align with naturally occurring reinforcements in daily life.

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