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Questions and Answers
What Philippine law provides the legal framework for the donation of human organs and tissues?
What Philippine law provides the legal framework for the donation of human organs and tissues?
Republic Act 7170, Organ Donation Act of 1991
What are the two categories of individuals eligible to donate organs under RA 7170?
What are the two categories of individuals eligible to donate organs under RA 7170?
Living donors and deceased donors
Which of the following is NOT a prohibited act under RA 7170?
Which of the following is NOT a prohibited act under RA 7170?
The Organ Donation Act of 1991 allows Filipinos to donate organs or tissues involuntarily.
The Organ Donation Act of 1991 allows Filipinos to donate organs or tissues involuntarily.
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What is the primary purpose of Republic Act 7170?
What is the primary purpose of Republic Act 7170?
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What are the four major bioethical principles discussed in the presentation?
What are the four major bioethical principles discussed in the presentation?
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What is the principle of autonomy in bioethics?
What is the principle of autonomy in bioethics?
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The principle of beneficence dictates that healthcare professionals should act solely to prevent harm.
The principle of beneficence dictates that healthcare professionals should act solely to prevent harm.
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What is the principle of non-maleficence in bioethics?
What is the principle of non-maleficence in bioethics?
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What is the principle of justice in bioethics?
What is the principle of justice in bioethics?
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What are the two major categories of justice?
What are the two major categories of justice?
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What are the four types of stem cells discussed in the presentation?
What are the four types of stem cells discussed in the presentation?
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What are the four levels of stem cell potency?
What are the four levels of stem cell potency?
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The use of embryonic stem cells in research raises no ethical concerns.
The use of embryonic stem cells in research raises no ethical concerns.
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What is the primary ethical concern related to the use of embryonic stem cells?
What is the primary ethical concern related to the use of embryonic stem cells?
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What is the primary advantage of using adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells?
What is the primary advantage of using adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells?
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What are the three ethical considerations discussed in the presentation regarding organ procurement?
What are the three ethical considerations discussed in the presentation regarding organ procurement?
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What is the primary ethical principle that deontology emphasizes in organ procurement?
What is the primary ethical principle that deontology emphasizes in organ procurement?
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What is the primary focus of a virtue ethics approach to organ procurement?
What is the primary focus of a virtue ethics approach to organ procurement?
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What are the three major perspectives on human sexuality discussed in the presentation?
What are the three major perspectives on human sexuality discussed in the presentation?
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The principle of non-maleficence suggests that it is always permissible to override a patient's autonomy to prevent harm.
The principle of non-maleficence suggests that it is always permissible to override a patient's autonomy to prevent harm.
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What are the three legal requisites for a valid marriage in the Philippines?
What are the three legal requisites for a valid marriage in the Philippines?
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What are the six characteristics of marital love discussed in the presentation?
What are the six characteristics of marital love discussed in the presentation?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for which a marriage may be annulled under the Family Code of the Philippines?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for which a marriage may be annulled under the Family Code of the Philippines?
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The Supreme Court of the Philippines has ruled that psychological incapacity can be established based solely on the prolonged refusal of one party to have sexual intercourse.
The Supreme Court of the Philippines has ruled that psychological incapacity can be established based solely on the prolonged refusal of one party to have sexual intercourse.
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What are the three primary ethical concerns regarding artificial reproduction?
What are the three primary ethical concerns regarding artificial reproduction?
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What are the two forms of surrogacy discussed in the presentation?
What are the two forms of surrogacy discussed in the presentation?
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What is the primary legal and ethical challenge in surrogacy arrangements?
What is the primary legal and ethical challenge in surrogacy arrangements?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of abortion discussed in the presentation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of abortion discussed in the presentation?
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What is the primary legal and ethical consideration regarding abortion in the Philippines?
What is the primary legal and ethical consideration regarding abortion in the Philippines?
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The Roe v. Wade decision completely banned abortion in the United States.
The Roe v. Wade decision completely banned abortion in the United States.
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What is the legal definition of rape?
What is the legal definition of rape?
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What are the two sides of eugenics discussed in the presentation?
What are the two sides of eugenics discussed in the presentation?
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What is the phenomenon of demographic winter?
What is the phenomenon of demographic winter?
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What is the primary legal question in the Roe v. Wade case?
What is the primary legal question in the Roe v. Wade case?
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Study Notes
Organ Donation: Scrutinizing Republic Act 7170
- Republic Act 7170, also known as the Organ Donation Act of 1991, establishes the legal framework for organ donation in the Philippines.
- It permits the donation of human organs and tissues during a person's lifetime or after death for medical and scientific purposes.
- The act aims to: save and improve lives; promote voluntary donation; ensure ethical and legal compliance; encourage medical and scientific research; respect donor wishes; and protect the rights of next-of-kin.
Learning Objectives
- Students will learn about RA 7170, including its purpose and importance.
- Students will identify the requirements for organ donation by living and deceased donors.
- Students will understand the ethical and practical considerations surrounding organ donation practices.
- Students will learn the role of nurses and healthcare providers in advocating for and facilitating organ donation.
Definition
- RA 7170 provides the legal basis for the donation of human organs and tissues.
- Individuals can donate parts of their bodies (organs or tissues) during their lifetime or after death for medical and scientific reasons.
Overview
- Organ donation in the Philippines is governed by Republic Act 7170 (Organ Donation Act of 1991).
- This act provides the legal framework for organ and tissue donation, during life or after death, for the purpose of saving lives or improving health.
Importance of Ethical and Legal Frameworks
- Ethical and legal frameworks are essential for ensuring that organ donation practices are fair, transparent, and respect individual rights.
- RA 7170 guides healthcare professionals and institutions in navigating complex organ donation issues.
Protection of Donors and Recipients
- Legal provisions guarantee informed consent, protecting donors from coercion or exploitation.
- Recipients are assured of ethical allocation practices, prioritizing medical necessity and fairness.
Promotion of Trust
- Ethical practices in organ donation build public trust in the healthcare system.
- Transparency, accountability, and respect for individual rights are crucial.
- Public trust encourages more people to consider organ donation.
Respect for Autonomy
- RA 7170 emphasizes informed consent.
- Individuals make voluntary decisions about organ donation.
- Families participate in decision-making, particularly regarding deceased donation.
Prevention of Exploitation and Abuse
- The law prohibits illegal practices like organ trafficking.
- Ethical guidelines protect vulnerable populations from organ harvesting.
Guidance for Ethical Dilemmas
- A standardized legal and ethical approach ensures consistency in organ donation across healthcare institutions.
- Uniformity reduces disparities and promotes equitable access to transplantation services.
Encouragement of Ethical Advocacy
- Nurses and other healthcare professionals can confidently advocate for organ donation.
- Their actions are supported by clear ethical and legal standards.
Legal Framework
- RA 7170 allows Filipinos to donate organs/tissues voluntarily.
- It defines requirements relevant to obtaining both living and deceased donors.
Republic Act 7170 (Organ Donation Act of 1991)
- This covers several key provisions: • Definition and purpose of RA 7170 • Who can donate organs • Consent and authorization processes • The role of the next-of-kin • Requirements for living and deceased donors • Prohibited acts and corresponding penalties.
Purpose of RA 7170
- To Save and Improve Lives
- To Promote Voluntary Donation
- To Ensure Ethical and Legal Compliance
- To Encourage Medical and Scientific Research
- To respect Donor Wishes
- To Protect the Rights of Next-of-Kin
Who Can Donate Organs Under RA 7170
- Individuals who can donate organs are categorized into living donors and deceased donors.
Criteria for Living Donors
- Must be of legal age (18 years or older)
- Must have the capacity to give fully informed consent, understanding the risks and benefits.
- Must not be under coercion or undue pressure.
- The donation must not jeopardize their life or health.
Criteria for Deceased Donors
- Must have been declared legally dead.
- Criteria include cardiac death or brain death based on irreversible cessation of respective functions.
- Must have consent through a signed donor card or will during lifetime, otherwise through authorization of next-of-kin.
Commonly Donated Organs or Tissues
- Organs: kidneys, livers, lungs, and hearts.
- Tissues: corneas, skin, bones, and blood vessels.
Special Considerations
- Minors: Generally, cannot donate unless specific conditions like exceptional circumstance, immediate family donation and parental or legal guardian consent is granted.
- Medical Screening: All donors (living or deceased) must undergo thorough medical evaluations to ensure suitability for transplantation and absence of infectious diseases.
Ethical and Legal Safeguards
- The law protects that all donations are voluntary, ethical and non-financial.
- It protects the rights and dignity of both donors and recipients.
Prohibited Acts
- Commercialization of organ donation
- Coercion or exploitation of donors
- Targeting vulnerable populations (e.g., minors, economically disadvantaged individuals) for illegal organ harvesting
- Removing organs from deceased persons without proper consent
- Illegal handling of donated organs (misuse, improper storage/transport/ or disposal)
- Misrepresentation or forgery of documents (e.g., consent forms, death certificates).
Penalties
- Violators of RA 7170 face imprisonment (ranging from a few years to life imprisonment) and fines.
- Revocation of professional licenses and institutional sanctions (e.g., closure, fines, or loss of accreditation) may be imposed for those involved in illegal activities.
Ethical Considerations (General)
- Principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice are paramount.
- Ethical dilemmas in organ donation require careful consideration.
- Appropriate role of informed consent
- Cultural and religious sensitivities must be considered, especially within Filipino communities.
- Policies to ensure the fair allocation of resources.
- Addressing potential dilemmas like family conflicts, and decision-making processes around deceased donation.
- Upholding the transparency and accountability of the organ donation process
Ethical Considerations in Organ Donation
- Organ donation is a life-saving act, but requires healthcare to navigate complex ethical considerations whilst respecting donor and recipient rights.
- Ethical principles relevant to organ donation should be carefully evaluated under the framework of RA 7170.
- The elements of the ethical principles of Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice will influence decision-making around organ donation.
Autonomy
- Respecting an individual's right to make informed decisions about organ donation and having their decisions respected.
- Ensuring that donors and their families understand the implications of their decisions.
Beneficence
- Acting in the best interest of the recipient, by providing organs to save or improve their lives (directly relating to the preservation of life).
Non-Maleficence
- Ensuring organ donation causes no undue harm to the donor (particularly for living donors).
Justice
- Ensuring fair and equitable allocation of organs based on medical need and urgency (with due consideration of donor and recipient characteristics).
Informed Consent
- Donors and/or their families must be fully informed about organ donation's purpose.
- Potential risks and benefits (especially for living donors) are critically important.
- Any form of coercion or undue influence in securing consent should be avoided.
- The proper use of donated organs or tissues should be made clear to ensure ethical use.
Cultural and Religious Sensitivities
- Many Filipinos hold cultural or religious beliefs that influence their willingness to donate organs.
- Healthcare providers must understand these issues when seeking donor consent.
- Providing accurate information is of utmost importance to address potential concerns.
Allocation of Resources
- Ethical frameworks guide the allocation of limited organ resources.
- Policies must prevent favoritism or corruption to ensure fairness and avoid discrimination.
Handling Ethical Dilemmas
- Addressing family conflicts related to donor wishes.
- Finding appropriate solutions between living and deceased donors in urgent cases.
- Resolving issues related to brain death, when families do not accept the medical findings
- Transparency and accountability are critical for building public trust.
Transparency and Accountability
- Transparency is crucial in the organ donation processes to maintain public trust.
- Ethical practices including proper documentation of decisions.
Preventing Exploitation
- Protect vulnerable populations from exploitation, avoiding the targets for organ harvesting.
- Prohibiting organ trafficking and commercialization.
Practical Considerations
- Current organ donation practices in the Philippines should be analysed.
- Challenges and barriers specific to the implementation of RA 7170.
- Assessing factors such as cultural beliefs, lack of awareness and logistics.
- Documentation of success stories and statistics.
Role of Nurses and Healthcare Providers
- Nurses serve as advocates, educators, and facilitators in the organ donation process.
- Healthcare professionals must be aware of balancing the needs and emotions of the donors, families and recipients, whilst upholding ethical standards.
- Support patients and families through the decision-making processes whilst respecting their autonomy.
- Nurses and physicians are key in advocating for donation, educating families, and assisting them through decision-making processes.
- Time-sensitivity and promoting timely communcation between the donor family, transplant team and recipients is crucial.
Public Awareness and Education
- Educating communities about the benefits of organ donation with special consideration of the Philippines
- Addressing misconceptions and encouraging individuals to register as donors.
- Overcoming cultural and religious barriers through effective communication and providing accurate information.
Encouragement for Ethical Advocacy in Nursing
- Nurses play a major role in advocating for ethical practices in organ donation by acting as frontline healthcare providers, educators and facilitators for ethical actions.
- They must engage closely with patients, families and the wider healthcare team to promote awareness.
- Ensuring informed decision-making, and to uphold and respect ethical standards.
Key Points (Summary)
- The presented work includes a summary of the major provision under Republic Act 7170 (RA7170).
- Ethical considerations of the act are summarised
- The role of nurses and healthcare providers in advocating for organ donation and facilitating the process is highlighted.
Basic Ethical Principles
- Define the ethical principles, and explain their significance.
- Understand how these principles in ethics are applicable to nursing practice.
- Identify moral issues and principles involved in ethical dilemmas.
- Principles: Stewardship, Totality, Double Effect, Solidarity, Cooperation, Communitarianism, Fidelity, Utility, Paternalism, Casuistry, Respect, Veracity
- Principle of Stewardship: healthcare providers are stewards, who are entrusted with looking after the well-being and safety of those seeking support.
- Principle of Totality: the well-being of the whole person should be considered. Removal of a body part is not inherently wrong, if done for the good of the whole.
- Principle of Double Effect: an action with good and evil consequences is good, if the good consequences are intended.
- Principle of Solidarity: shared responsibility and commitment to the wellbeing of others.
- Principle of Cooperation: working together to achieve shared goals or objectives.
- Principle of Communitarianism: the importance of communities valuing relationships and responsibility.
- Principle of Fidelity: keeping promises and commitments - this forms the basis for trust-based patient-health professional relationships.
- Principle of Utility: taking actions that maximizes good outcomes for the greatest number of people.
- Principle of Paternalism: overriding a persons autonomy to make decisions for their own good.
- Principle of Casuistry: case-based reasoning- applying ethical principles to real-life situations
- Principle of Respect: giving due respect to the dignity and rights of all individuals.
- Principle of Veracity: the obligation to be truthful. Honest and transparent relationships are built on veracity.
Dignity in Death and Dying
- Discus death, its characteristics, and medical/legal definition.
- Examines the various types of euthanasia and their ethical implications.
- Explains the morality of suicide.
- Analyses stem cell technology's practicality and morality.
- Compares organ procurement perspectives using utilitarian, deontological, and virtue ethics.
What Is Death?
- Irreversible cessation of life, ending biological functions.
- Physiological, religious/philosophical, brain death, and cellular definitions of death are included
- Detailed medical definitions (e.g., cardiac death, brain death) with their implications for clinical practice and legal considerations.
- The legal definition of death differs by jurisdiction, often reflecting medical criteria.
Characteristics of Death
- Irreversible cessation of vital functions (cardiac, respiratory, brain).
- Biological markers (reflex absence, rigor mortis, livor mortis).
- Finality, universality, irreversibility (distinguishing death from other states like coma).
Various Perspectives on Death
- Different philosophical and religious viewpoints on death (e.g., Nikolai Berdyaev, Epicurus, Martin Heidegger, John).
Application of Ethical Theories
- Applies ethical theories to organ procurement, euthanasia and suicide, and stem cell considerations. (Natural Law, Utilitarian, and Kant)
Euthanasia
- Active and passive, involuntary, and voluntary forms of euthanasia and their ethical implications.
- Related terms: Dystanasia, Misthanasia, Orthothanasia
- Ethical Considerations in euthanasia and end-of-life care should be considered.
- The act of ending a life, may be legal in some jurisdictions, and includes active and passive forms/methods.
- Key medical definitions relevant to a persons legal death.
- The legal permissibility and social acceptance of euthanasia varies among jurisdictions and within different cultural contexts.
Suicide
- Defining suicide and explaining the different perspectives on the morality of the act.
- Key ethical philosophers and their contributions to the understanding.
- Discussing the different justifications for and against suicide as well as ethical arguments used to evaluate the act.
Stem Cell Technology: Ethical and Practical Considerations
- Types of stem cells—embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and perinatal.
- Ethical debates on life and embryo use, informed consent, and access equity.
- Practical benefits of stem cell technology - regenerative medicine, treatment of chronic diseases, cancer treatment. -Potential for misuse (e.g., designer babies, cloning).
Organ Procurement and Ethical Frameworks
- Utility, deontology, and virtue ethics approaches to organ procurement, with strengths and weaknesses, especially the different perspectives used to justify actions.
Sexuality and Human Reproduction
- Understanding human sexuality, including anthropological and moral views/perspectives.
- Differentiating factors (chromosomal, physiological, etc.).
- Analysis of Catholic morality on sexuality and procreation.
- Perspectives on sexual issues like marriage and procreation, with emphasis on ethical reasoning. The contributions of key philosophers such as Sigmund Freud, and current issues like the sexual revolution, and Feminism.
- Key concepts such as marriage, sexuality, contraception, artificial reproduction, surrogate motherhood, abortion, and issues surrounding homosexuality.
- The various positions and approaches to complex ethical issues, based on the different conceptual frameworks, should be investigated and a balanced view of the different methods for handling complex considerations is presented.
Morality of Abortion, Rape, and Other Problems Related to Destruction of Life
- Definition of abortion, the different types of procedures and legal implications,
- Overviewing and considering differing arguments surrounding abortion and associated topics.
- Examination of eugenics, history and ethical manifestations.
- Analysis of rape (including its ethical and moral aspects)
- Demographic winter- a confluence of social factors.
- The Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade and its impact on abortion access legally.
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