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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes development from growth?
What distinguishes development from growth?
Which statement best describes maturation?
Which statement best describes maturation?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of growth and development?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of growth and development?
What is a key characteristic of growth compared to development?
What is a key characteristic of growth compared to development?
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Which factor mainly influences the progression of development?
Which factor mainly influences the progression of development?
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Which characteristic of growth and development describes the variations in growth rates of different body parts?
Which characteristic of growth and development describes the variations in growth rates of different body parts?
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What is one clinical importance of studying human growth and development?
What is one clinical importance of studying human growth and development?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered an environmental factor affecting growth and development?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered an environmental factor affecting growth and development?
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In the context of growth and development, which direction does the term 'cephalo-caudal' refer to?
In the context of growth and development, which direction does the term 'cephalo-caudal' refer to?
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Which principle emphasizes that each child grows in a unique manner?
Which principle emphasizes that each child grows in a unique manner?
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Which factor is not typically considered a component of a child's external environment?
Which factor is not typically considered a component of a child's external environment?
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Which vital statistic specifically measures the number of deaths occurring in a specific population segment based on a particular characteristic?
Which vital statistic specifically measures the number of deaths occurring in a specific population segment based on a particular characteristic?
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During which stage of life does the Newborn stage occur?
During which stage of life does the Newborn stage occur?
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What is included in the total process of the vital statistics system?
What is included in the total process of the vital statistics system?
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Which type of development encompasses emotional and cognitive aspects of growth?
Which type of development encompasses emotional and cognitive aspects of growth?
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Which of the following sources is not commonly associated with vital statistics?
Which of the following sources is not commonly associated with vital statistics?
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What aspect of vital statistics does the Maternal Mortality Rate specifically measure?
What aspect of vital statistics does the Maternal Mortality Rate specifically measure?
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Which of the following is typically not an indicator of a child's internal environment?
Which of the following is typically not an indicator of a child's internal environment?
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What is primarily measured by the term 'Crude Death Rate'?
What is primarily measured by the term 'Crude Death Rate'?
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Which of the following options best describes the purpose of vital statistics?
Which of the following options best describes the purpose of vital statistics?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Growth and Development
- Growth is an increase in the physical size of the whole body or a part of the body.
- Development is a series of progressive changes in a predictable pattern due to maturation and experience.
- Maturation is the readiness, physical and/or mental, to perform a specific activity easily.
- Development is described as a process of change in growth and capability over time, including both gains and losses.
- Growth is quantitative and ends with maturity.
- Development is qualitative and continuous throughout life.
- Growth involves cellular multiplication.
- Development involves the organization of all parts produced by growth.
- Growth is an aspect of development.
- Development is an integrated whole, of which growth is a part.
- Growth may not always result in development.
- Development is possible without growth.
Understanding the Importance of Studying Human Growth and Development
- Knowing what to expect from a child at a particular age can help in understanding what's normal and what's not.
- Understanding the reasons behind illnesses enables early detection of potential problems.
- It helps in formulating a plan of care.
- It prevents unnecessary evaluations of children with acceptable normal variations in growth.
- It helps in educating parents to achieve optimal growth and development in their children.
Principles of Growth and Development
- Growth and development are continuous processes throughout life.
- Growth and development follow a predictable sequence.
- Different parts of the body grow at different rates.
- Growth and development don't progress at the same rate, being rapid during infancy, early childhood, and adolescence, and slower during middle childhood.
- Growth and development are individualized processes.
- Each stage of growth and development is influenced by the preceding stages.
- Growth and development proceed in specific directions:
- Cephalo-caudal: Development proceeds from head to toe.
- Proximodistal: Development proceeds from the center of the body outwards to the extremities.
- General to specific: Development proceeds from general movements to more specific movements.
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
- Heredity plays a significant role.
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Environmental factors are crucial:
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Pre-natal environment:
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Maternal factors:
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Diabetic mothers
- Exposure to radiation
- German measles infection
- Smoking
- Drug use
-
Fetal factors:
- Mal-position in the uterus
- Faulty placental implantation
-
Maternal factors:
-
Post-natal environment:
-
External environment:
- Socio-economic status of the family
- Child's nutrition
- Climate and season
- Child's ordinal position in the family
- Number of siblings in the family
- Family structure
-
Internal environment:
- Child’s intelligence
- Hormonal influences
- Emotions
-
External environment:
-
Pre-natal environment:
Types of Growth and Development
-
Growth is categorized as:
- Physical
- Physiological
-
Development is categorized as:
- Motor
- Cognitive
- Emotional
- Social
Vital Statistics
- Vital statistics refers to measured data about life events, such as birth, death, marriage, divorce, and separation.
- Sources of vital statistics:
- Population census
- Civil registration system
- National sample survey
- Sample registration system
- Health survey
Important Vital Statistics
- Crude Death Rate (CDR)
-
Specific Death Rates (ASDR)
- Age-specific Death Rate
- Sex-specific Death Rate
- Race-specific Death Rate
- Cause-specific Death Rate
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Neonatal Mortality Rate
- Post-neonatal Mortality Rate
- Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Neonatal and Infancy Periods
Newborn Stage
- The newborn stage lasts for the first four weeks or first month of life.
- It is a transitional period between intrauterine life and extrauterine environment.
Physical Growth of a Normal Newborn
-
Weight:
- 2.700 grams - 4 kg.
- Weight loss of 5% - 10% by 3-4 days after birth.
- Weight gain begins by the 10th day of life.
- Weight gain is ¾ kg per month during the first 4 months.
- Weight gain is ½ kg per month during the next 4 months.
- Weight gain is ¼ kg per month during the last 4 months.
-
Height:
- Boys ≈ 50 cm
- Girls ≈ 49 cm
- Normal range for both is 47.5- 53.75 cm
-
Head Circumference:
- 33-35 cm
- Provides an idea about brain growth.
- Measurements may be inaccurate during scalp edema and cranial molding, requiring a wait until the 4th or 5th day.
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Skull Features:
- Two Fontanelles present:
-
Anterior Fontanelle:
- Diamond-shaped
- Located in the center, between the frontal and parietal bones.
- Closes at 12-18 months of age.
-
Posterior Fontanelle:
- Triangular
- Located between the occipital and parietal bones.
- Closes by the end of the first month.
-
Anterior Fontanelle:
- Two Fontanelles present:
-
Chest Circumference:
- At birth, chest circumference is generally 2–3 cm less than head circumference.
- Both become equal at 6-12 months.
- After the first year, chest circumference is 2.5 cm greater than head circumference.
- At 5 years of age, chest circumference is 5 cm greater than head circumference.
Motor Development in a Newborn
- Newborn's movements are:
- Random
- Diffuse
- Uncoordinated.
- Reflexes carry out bodily functions and responses to external stimuli.
-
Neonatal reflexes:
- Sucking
- Grasping
- Tonic-neck (fencing)
- Galant (trunk incurvation)
- Rooting
- Toe Curling
- Moro reflex
Cognitive Development in a Newborn
- Cognitive development in the newborn is difficult to understand and observe.
Emotional Development in a Newborn
- Newborns express emotions primarily through crying, whether for hunger, pain, or discomfort.
Infancy Stage
- Infancy starts at the end of the first month and extends until the end of the first year of age.
- Rapid growth and development occur during this period.
Physical Growth of a Normal Infant
-
Weight:
- Birth to 4 months: ¾ kg/month
- 5 to 8 months: ½ kg/month
- 9 to 12 months: ¼ kg/month
- Infants double their birth weight by 4-5 months and triple it by 10-12 months.
-
Height:
- 0-3 months: Height increases about 3 cm/month.
- 4-6 months: Height increases 2 cm/month.
- 7-12 months: Height increases 1.5 cm/month.
-
Head Circumference:
- 0-3 months: Head circumference increases about 2 cm/month.
- 4-12 months: Head circumference increases ½ cm/month.
- Posterior fontanelle closes by 6-8 weeks of age.
- Anterior fontanelle closes by 12-18 months of age.
-
Chest Circumference:
- By the end of the first year, chest circumference becomes equal to head circumference.
-
Teeth Eruption:
- Starts by 5-6 months of age.
- These are referred to as "milky teeth", "deciduous teeth", or "temporary teeth".
Motor Development in an Infant
-
Gross motor development:
- The infant gains control over their movements.
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Fine Motor Development:
- The infant develops skills using their hands and fingers.
Emotional Development in an Infant
- Infants experience a wider range of emotions, and their emotional expressions become more defined.
- Infants develop attachment to family members and caregivers.
- By 10 months, recognizable emotions such as anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety, and affection are expressed.
- By 12 months, these emotions are easily distinguishable.
Cognitive Development in an Infant
- Piaget's cognitive theory suggests that infants develop mental structures called schemes, which are patterns of behavior used to interact with the environment.
- Infants learn by actively constructing knowledge through interaction with their surroundings.
- Experience provides the basis for developing schemes.
- Infants' understanding and abilities are shaped by their experiences with a variety of objects, people, and situations.
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