UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

All of the above (correct)

Which muscle type pulls on skeletal bones and can undergo voluntary contraction?

Skeletal muscle

Which muscle pushes blood through arteries and veins and undergoes rhythmic contractions?

Cardiac muscle

Which muscle pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and undergoes involuntary contraction?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 basic properties that muscle tissues share?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which property is the ability to respond to stimuli?

Excitability Signup and view all the answers

Which property is the ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension?

Contractility Signup and view all the answers

Which property is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths?

Extensibility Signup and view all the answers

Which property is the ability to rebound toward its original length?

Elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles perform what 5 functions?

Produce skeletal movement Signup and view all the answers

What kind of anatomy is the study of the overall organization of muscles, connective tissue associated with muscles, nerves associated with muscles, and blood vessels associated with muscles?

Gross anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What kind of anatomy is the study of myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres?

Microscopic anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 connective tissues of muscle?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?

Epimysium Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles?

Perimysium Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Endomysium Signup and view all the answers

What do epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium merge to form?

Tendons Signup and view all the answers

Tendons connect what structures together?

Muscle to bone Signup and view all the answers

Aponeuroses connect what structures together?

Muscle to muscle Signup and view all the answers

Nerves innervate the muscle by penetrating what connective tissue?

Epimysium Signup and view all the answers

There is a chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle through a chemical being released into what synapse? Also known as NMJ.

Neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels often parallel the nerves that innervate the muscle and then branch to form coiled networks that accommodate which 2 muscle movements?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell?

Sarcolemma Signup and view all the answers

Name the cytosol of the muscle cell?

Sarcoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell/fiber can be 30-40 cm, is multinucleated, and has nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma?

Muscle fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the contraction of muscles, is attached to the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle and is present in the sarcoplasm?

Myofibrils Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each myofibril?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Myofibrils are made of what 2 myofilaments?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Name the thin protein filaments.

Actin Signup and view all the answers

Name the thick protein filaments.

Myosin Signup and view all the answers

Name the repeating units of actin and myosin.

Sarcomeres Signup and view all the answers

Myofilaments are arranged in what direction to the long axis of the cell?

Parallel Signup and view all the answers

What is the main functioning unit of muscle fibers?

Sarcomere Signup and view all the answers

The overlapping of what creates striations that give the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic?

Actin and myosin Signup and view all the answers

Each sarcomere consists of which lines and bands?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The overlap of which band creates striations?

A band Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles consist of what?

Muscle fascicles Signup and view all the answers

Muscle fascicles consist of what?

Muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Muscle fibers consist of what?

Myofibrils Signup and view all the answers

Myofibrils consist of what?

Sarcomeres Signup and view all the answers

Sarcomeres consist of what?

Myofilaments Signup and view all the answers

Myofilaments are made of what?

Actin and myosin Signup and view all the answers

Actin consists of twisted filaments of which 5 things?

F actin strands, G actin globular molecules, G actin molecules, tropomyosin, troponin Signup and view all the answers

Name the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

Tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What holds tropomyosin in position?

Troponin Signup and view all the answers

Which actin molecule consists of an active binding site?

G actin molecule Signup and view all the answers

Myosin filaments consist of an elongated tail and a globular head known as what?

Cross-bridges Signup and view all the answers

Myosin is held in place by what 3 things?

Protein forming the M line, a core of titin connecting to the Z lines, myosin heads that project toward actin filaments Signup and view all the answers

Contraction is triggered by the presence of what ion?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Muscle contraction requires the presence of what 'energy molecule'?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle contracts, the sliding filament theory dictates which myofilaments slide toward each other?

Actin Signup and view all the answers

According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get ___, the zone of overlap gets _, the _ ___ move closer together, while the width of the _ _____ remains constant.

smaller, larger, Z line, A band Signup and view all the answers

Explain steps 1-6 of muscle contraction.

<ol> <li>Impulse travels down axon, acetylcholine is released into NMJ, sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored Ca ions, Ca ions enter the zone of overlap. 2. Ca binds to troponin, tropomyosin molecule rolls away from active sites on actin molecules. 3. Active sites exposed, myosin heads bind to active sites forming cross-bridges. 4. Energy is released as myosin heads pivot toward the M line. 5. ATP binds to myosin heads, breaking cross-bridge between myosin and actin. 6. ATP provides energy to reactivate myosin head and return them to original position for the cycle to begin again.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over 2 or 3 muscle fibers?

Precise Signup and view all the answers

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over about 2000 muscle fibers?

Less precise Signup and view all the answers

What is the all or none principle?

Complete contraction or no contraction at all Signup and view all the answers

Muscle tension depends on what 2 things?

The frequency of stimulation, the number of motor units involved Signup and view all the answers

The amount of force of contraction is dependent on what?

The number of motor units involved Signup and view all the answers

What is the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed and stabilizes the position of bones and joints?

Muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

Name the specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone.

Muscle spindles Signup and view all the answers

What is the enlargement of the muscle known as?

Muscle hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Exercise causes an increase in what 5 things whose net effect is enlargement of the muscle?

Number of mitochondria, activity of muscle spindles, concentration of glycolytic enzymes, glycogen reserves, number of myofibrils Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 major types of muscle fibers and what color are they?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle fibers are associated with eye and hand muscles (fast contractions)?

Fast fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle fibers are associated with back and leg muscles (slow contractions)?

Slow fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is discontinued use of a muscle known as?

Muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle & .

Size & tone Signup and view all the answers

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Large in diameter, large glycogen reserves, relatively few mitochondria, muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easily, can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, produce powerful contraction, low myoglobin content.

Fast fibers Signup and view all the answers

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Half the diameter of their counterpart, take 3 times longer to contract after stimulation, can contract for extended periods of time, contain abundant myoglobin, muscles contract using aerobic metabolism, have a large network of capillaries.

Slow fibers Signup and view all the answers

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Have low myoglobin content, have a high glycolytic enzyme concentration, contract using anaerobic metabolism, have lots of mitochondria, have a large capillary supply, resist fatigue.

Intermediate fibers Signup and view all the answers

Sprinters have a high concentration of which fibers?

Fast fibers Signup and view all the answers

Repeated intense workouts increase which fibers?

Fast fibers Signup and view all the answers

Marathon runners have a high amount of which fibers?

Intermediate and slow Signup and view all the answers

Training for long distance running increases the proportion of which fibers?

Intermediate Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 arrangements of muscle fibers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What kind of muscle fibers have muscle fascicles parallel to the longitudinal axis?

Parallel muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What kind of muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point?

Convergent muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What kind of muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle?

Pennate muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon?

Unipennate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon?

Bipennate Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle fibers does the tendon branch within the muscle?

Multipennate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers form concentric rings?

Circular muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Circular muscle fibers are also known as what kind of muscles?

Sphincter muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of muscle attachment that remains stationary?

Origin Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of the muscle attachment that is movable?

Insertion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the muscle upon contraction known as?

Actions Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of primary actions that muscles can be grouped into?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which primary action muscles are responsible for producing a particular movement?

Prime movers or agonists Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles' primary actions oppose the action of the agonist?

Antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which primary action muscles assist the prime mover in performing an action?

Synergists Signup and view all the answers

Which primary action muscles consist of the agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint?

Fixators Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle contracts, it causes action which as applied to what?

A lever (bone) Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle contracts, the lever moves on a fixed point called what?

The fulcrum (joint) Signup and view all the answers

The action of the lever is opposed by a _____ acting in the opposite direction.

Force Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 classes of levers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which class of levers does the fulcrum lie between the applied force and resistance force?

First Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of first class levers?

Tilting the head forward and backward Signup and view all the answers

In which class of levers is the resistance located between the applied force and the fulcrum?

Second Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of second class levers?

Standing on your tiptoes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muscle Tissue Types

Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
Skeletal muscle enables voluntary movement by pulling on bones.
Cardiac muscle facilitates rhythmic contraction to pump blood.
Smooth muscle governs involuntary contractions in organs like the digestive tract.

Muscle Tissue Properties

Four shared properties: excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.
Excitability: the ability to respond to stimuli.
Contractility: ability to shorten and exert tension.
Extensibility: capacity to continue contracting over various lengths.
Elasticity: ability to return to original length after stretching.

Skeletal Muscle Functions

Produces skeletal movement.
Maintains posture and body position.
Supports soft tissue structures.
Regulates material entry and exit in the body.
Maintains body temperature.

Muscle Anatomy

Gross anatomy studies the overarching structure of muscles and connective tissues.
Microscopic anatomy examines myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres.
Connective tissues in muscle include epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
Epimysium surrounds entire muscles, perimysium divides muscles into fascicles, and endomysium surrounds individual fibers.

Muscle Coordination

Tendons connect muscle to bone, while aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle.
Nerves penetrate the epimysium to innervate muscles.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) allows chemical communication between nerves and muscles.

Muscle Cell Structure

Sarcolemma: membrane surrounding muscle cells.
Sarcoplasm: cytosol of muscle cells.
Muscle fibers can be 30-40 cm long and are multinucleated.
Myofibrils, crucial for contraction, are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and consist of actin and myosin.

Sarcomeres and Myofilaments

Sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle, formed by actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).
Arrangement of myofilaments in parallel to the cell's long axis creates striations in skeletal muscle.
Each sarcomere consists of Z lines, I bands, A bands, H bands, and M lines.

Muscle Contraction

Contraction is triggered by calcium ions.
ATP is crucial for muscle contraction and resets myosin heads after a cycle.
Sliding filament theory describes how actin filaments slide toward each other during contraction.

Motor Units and Muscle Tension

Motor neurons control muscle fibers; fewer fibers allow for precise control, while many fibers provide less precision.
Muscle tension is influenced by stimulation frequency and the number of active motor units.

Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

Muscle hypertrophy refers to muscle enlargement due to increased cellular components.
Disuse leads to muscle atrophy, characterized by size and tone reduction.

Muscle Fiber Types

Three muscle fiber types: fast (white), intermediate (pink), and slow (red).
Fast fibers are suited for short bursts of power; slow fibers are for endurance.
Intermediate fibers possess characteristics of both fast and slow fibers.

Fiber Arrangements

Four muscle fiber arrangements: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular.
Pennate fibers can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate, based on how they attach to tendons.

Muscle Actions and Attachments

Muscle origin: stationary attachment point.
Muscle insertion: movable attachment point.
Muscle actions categorized into prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators.

Lever Systems and Classes

Muscle contractions act through levers (bones) that pivot at a fulcrum (joint).
Three lever classes: first (fulcrum in the middle), second (resistance in the middle), and third (effort in the middle).
Examples of lever actions include head tilting (first class) and standing on tiptoes (second class).

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Test your knowledge on muscle tissue types with these flashcards from UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9. This quiz covers skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, including their functions and characteristics. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.

UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Which muscle type pulls on skeletal bones and can undergo voluntary contraction?

Which muscle pushes blood through arteries and veins and undergoes rhythmic contractions?

Which muscle pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and undergoes involuntary contraction?

What are the 4 basic properties that muscle tissues share?

Which property is the ability to respond to stimuli?

Which property is the ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension?

Which property is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths?

Which property is the ability to rebound toward its original length?

Skeletal muscles perform what 5 functions?

What kind of anatomy is the study of the overall organization of muscles, connective tissue associated with muscles, nerves associated with muscles, and blood vessels associated with muscles?

What kind of anatomy is the study of myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres?

What are the 3 connective tissues of muscle?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers?

What do epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium merge to form?

Tendons connect what structures together?

Aponeuroses connect what structures together?

Nerves innervate the muscle by penetrating what connective tissue?

There is a chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle through a chemical being released into what synapse? Also known as NMJ.

Blood vessels often parallel the nerves that innervate the muscle and then branch to form coiled networks that accommodate which 2 muscle movements?

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell?

Name the cytosol of the muscle cell?

What kind of cell/fiber can be 30-40 cm, is multinucleated, and has nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma?

What is responsible for the contraction of muscles, is attached to the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle and is present in the sarcoplasm?

What surrounds each myofibril?

Myofibrils are made of what 2 myofilaments?

Name the thin protein filaments.

Name the thick protein filaments.

Name the repeating units of actin and myosin.

Myofilaments are arranged in what direction to the long axis of the cell?

What is the main functioning unit of muscle fibers?

The overlapping of what creates striations that give the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic?

Each sarcomere consists of which lines and bands?

The overlap of which band creates striations?

Skeletal muscles consist of what?

Muscle fascicles consist of what?

Muscle fibers consist of what?

Myofibrils consist of what?

Sarcomeres consist of what?

Myofilaments are made of what?

Actin consists of twisted filaments of which 5 things?

Name the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

What holds tropomyosin in position?

Which actin molecule consists of an active binding site?

Myosin filaments consist of an elongated tail and a globular head known as what?

Myosin is held in place by what 3 things?

Contraction is triggered by the presence of what ion?

Muscle contraction requires the presence of what 'energy molecule'?

When a muscle contracts, the sliding filament theory dictates which myofilaments slide toward each other?

According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get _____, the zone of overlap gets _____, the ___ _____ move closer together, while the width of the ___ _____ remains constant.

Explain steps 1-6 of muscle contraction.

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over 2 or 3 muscle fibers?

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over about 2000 muscle fibers?

What is the all or none principle?

Muscle tension depends on what 2 things?

The amount of force of contraction is dependent on what?

What is the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed and stabilizes the position of bones and joints?

Name the specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone.

What is the enlargement of the muscle known as?

Exercise causes an increase in what 5 things whose net effect is enlargement of the muscle?

What are the 3 major types of muscle fibers and what color are they?

Which muscle fibers are associated with eye and hand muscles (fast contractions)?

Which muscle fibers are associated with back and leg muscles (slow contractions)?

What is discontinued use of a muscle known as?

The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle ____ & ____.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Large in diameter, large glycogen reserves, relatively few mitochondria, muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easily, can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, produce powerful contraction, low myoglobin content.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Half the diameter of their counterpart, take 3 times longer to contract after stimulation, can contract for extended periods of time, contain abundant myoglobin, muscles contract using aerobic metabolism, have a large network of capillaries.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Have low myoglobin content, have a high glycolytic enzyme concentration, contract using anaerobic metabolism, have lots of mitochondria, have a large capillary supply, resist fatigue.

Sprinters have a high concentration of which fibers?

Repeated intense workouts increase which fibers?

Marathon runners have a high amount of which fibers?

Training for long distance running increases the proportion of which fibers?

What are the 4 arrangements of muscle fibers?

What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibers?

What kind of muscle fibers have muscle fascicles parallel to the longitudinal axis?

What kind of muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point?

According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get ___, the zone of overlap gets _, the _ ___ move closer together, while the width of the _ _____ remains constant.

The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle & .