UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9 Flashcards

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Which muscle type pulls on skeletal bones and can undergo voluntary contraction?

Which muscle pushes blood through arteries and veins and undergoes rhythmic contractions?

Which muscle pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and undergoes involuntary contraction?

What are the 4 basic properties that muscle tissues share?

Which property is the ability to respond to stimuli?

Which property is the ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension?

Which property is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths?

Which property is the ability to rebound toward its original length?

Skeletal muscles perform what 5 functions?

What kind of anatomy is the study of the overall organization of muscles, connective tissue associated with muscles, nerves associated with muscles, and blood vessels associated with muscles?

What kind of anatomy is the study of myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres?

What are the 3 connective tissues of muscle?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles?

Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers?

What do epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium merge to form?

Tendons connect what structures together?

Aponeuroses connect what structures together?

Nerves innervate the muscle by penetrating what connective tissue?

There is a chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle through a chemical being released into what synapse? Also known as NMJ.

Blood vessels often parallel the nerves that innervate the muscle and then branch to form coiled networks that accommodate which 2 muscle movements?

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell?

Name the cytosol of the muscle cell?

What kind of cell/fiber can be 30-40 cm, is multinucleated, and has nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma?

What is responsible for the contraction of muscles, is attached to the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle and is present in the sarcoplasm?

What surrounds each myofibril?

Myofibrils are made of what 2 myofilaments?

Name the thin protein filaments.

Name the thick protein filaments.

Name the repeating units of actin and myosin.

Myofilaments are arranged in what direction to the long axis of the cell?

What is the main functioning unit of muscle fibers?

The overlapping of what creates striations that give the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic?

Each sarcomere consists of which lines and bands?

The overlap of which band creates striations?

Skeletal muscles consist of what?

Muscle fascicles consist of what?

Muscle fibers consist of what?

Myofibrils consist of what?

Sarcomeres consist of what?

Myofilaments are made of what?

Actin consists of twisted filaments of which 5 things?

Name the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

What holds tropomyosin in position?

Which actin molecule consists of an active binding site?

Myosin filaments consist of an elongated tail and a globular head known as what?

Myosin is held in place by what 3 things?

Contraction is triggered by the presence of what ion?

Muscle contraction requires the presence of what 'energy molecule'?

When a muscle contracts, the sliding filament theory dictates which myofilaments slide toward each other?

According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get _____, the zone of overlap gets _____, the ___ _____ move closer together, while the width of the ___ _____ remains constant.

Explain steps 1-6 of muscle contraction.

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over 2 or 3 muscle fibers?

What kind of control does a motor neuron have over about 2000 muscle fibers?

What is the all or none principle?

Muscle tension depends on what 2 things?

The amount of force of contraction is dependent on what?

What is the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed and stabilizes the position of bones and joints?

Name the specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone.

What is the enlargement of the muscle known as?

Exercise causes an increase in what 5 things whose net effect is enlargement of the muscle?

What are the 3 major types of muscle fibers and what color are they?

Which muscle fibers are associated with eye and hand muscles (fast contractions)?

Which muscle fibers are associated with back and leg muscles (slow contractions)?

What is discontinued use of a muscle known as?

The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle ____ & ____.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Large in diameter, large glycogen reserves, relatively few mitochondria, muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easily, can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, produce powerful contraction, low myoglobin content.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Half the diameter of their counterpart, take 3 times longer to contract after stimulation, can contract for extended periods of time, contain abundant myoglobin, muscles contract using aerobic metabolism, have a large network of capillaries.

The following are features of what muscle fibers? Have low myoglobin content, have a high glycolytic enzyme concentration, contract using anaerobic metabolism, have lots of mitochondria, have a large capillary supply, resist fatigue.

Sprinters have a high concentration of which fibers?

Repeated intense workouts increase which fibers?

Marathon runners have a high amount of which fibers?

Training for long distance running increases the proportion of which fibers?

What are the 4 arrangements of muscle fibers?

What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibers?

What kind of muscle fibers have muscle fascicles parallel to the longitudinal axis?

What kind of muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point?

What kind of muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle?

Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon?

Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon?

In which type of muscle fibers does the tendon branch within the muscle?

Which type of muscle fibers form concentric rings?

Circular muscle fibers are also known as what kind of muscles?

What is the point of muscle attachment that remains stationary?

What is the point of the muscle attachment that is movable?

What is the function of the muscle upon contraction known as?

What are the 4 types of primary actions that muscles can be grouped into?

Which primary action muscles are responsible for producing a particular movement?

Which muscles' primary actions oppose the action of the agonist?

Which primary action muscles assist the prime mover in performing an action?

Which primary action muscles consist of the agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint?

When a muscle contracts, it causes action which as applied to what?

When a muscle contracts, the lever moves on a fixed point called what?

The action of the lever is opposed by a _____ acting in the opposite direction.

What are the 3 classes of levers?

Which class of levers does the fulcrum lie between the applied force and resistance force?

What is an example of first class levers?

In which class of levers is the resistance located between the applied force and the fulcrum?

What is an example of second class levers?