Questions and Answers
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Which muscle type pulls on skeletal bones and can undergo voluntary contraction?
Skeletal muscle
Which muscle pushes blood through arteries and veins and undergoes rhythmic contractions?
Cardiac muscle
Which muscle pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and undergoes involuntary contraction?
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What are the 4 basic properties that muscle tissues share?
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Which property is the ability to respond to stimuli?
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Which property is the ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension?
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Which property is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths?
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Which property is the ability to rebound toward its original length?
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Skeletal muscles perform what 5 functions?
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What kind of anatomy is the study of the overall organization of muscles, connective tissue associated with muscles, nerves associated with muscles, and blood vessels associated with muscles?
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What kind of anatomy is the study of myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres?
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What are the 3 connective tissues of muscle?
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Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
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Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles?
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Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers?
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What do epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium merge to form?
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Tendons connect what structures together?
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Aponeuroses connect what structures together?
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Nerves innervate the muscle by penetrating what connective tissue?
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There is a chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle through a chemical being released into what synapse? Also known as NMJ.
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Blood vessels often parallel the nerves that innervate the muscle and then branch to form coiled networks that accommodate which 2 muscle movements?
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What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell?
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Name the cytosol of the muscle cell?
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What kind of cell/fiber can be 30-40 cm, is multinucleated, and has nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma?
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What is responsible for the contraction of muscles, is attached to the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle and is present in the sarcoplasm?
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What surrounds each myofibril?
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Myofibrils are made of what 2 myofilaments?
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Name the thin protein filaments.
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Name the thick protein filaments.
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Name the repeating units of actin and myosin.
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Myofilaments are arranged in what direction to the long axis of the cell?
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What is the main functioning unit of muscle fibers?
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The overlapping of what creates striations that give the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic?
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Each sarcomere consists of which lines and bands?
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The overlap of which band creates striations?
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Skeletal muscles consist of what?
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Muscle fascicles consist of what?
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Muscle fibers consist of what?
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Myofibrils consist of what?
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Sarcomeres consist of what?
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Myofilaments are made of what?
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Actin consists of twisted filaments of which 5 things?
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Name the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.
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What holds tropomyosin in position?
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Which actin molecule consists of an active binding site?
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Myosin filaments consist of an elongated tail and a globular head known as what?
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Myosin is held in place by what 3 things?
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Contraction is triggered by the presence of what ion?
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Muscle contraction requires the presence of what 'energy molecule'?
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When a muscle contracts, the sliding filament theory dictates which myofilaments slide toward each other?
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According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get _____, the zone of overlap gets _____, the ___ _____ move closer together, while the width of the ___ _____ remains constant.
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Explain steps 1-6 of muscle contraction.
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What kind of control does a motor neuron have over 2 or 3 muscle fibers?
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What kind of control does a motor neuron have over about 2000 muscle fibers?
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What is the all or none principle?
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Muscle tension depends on what 2 things?
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The amount of force of contraction is dependent on what?
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What is the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed and stabilizes the position of bones and joints?
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Name the specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone.
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What is the enlargement of the muscle known as?
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Exercise causes an increase in what 5 things whose net effect is enlargement of the muscle?
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What are the 3 major types of muscle fibers and what color are they?
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Which muscle fibers are associated with eye and hand muscles (fast contractions)?
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Which muscle fibers are associated with back and leg muscles (slow contractions)?
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What is discontinued use of a muscle known as?
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The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle ____ & ____.
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The following are features of what muscle fibers? Large in diameter, large glycogen reserves, relatively few mitochondria, muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easily, can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, produce powerful contraction, low myoglobin content.
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The following are features of what muscle fibers? Half the diameter of their counterpart, take 3 times longer to contract after stimulation, can contract for extended periods of time, contain abundant myoglobin, muscles contract using aerobic metabolism, have a large network of capillaries.
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The following are features of what muscle fibers? Have low myoglobin content, have a high glycolytic enzyme concentration, contract using anaerobic metabolism, have lots of mitochondria, have a large capillary supply, resist fatigue.
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Sprinters have a high concentration of which fibers?
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Repeated intense workouts increase which fibers?
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Marathon runners have a high amount of which fibers?
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Training for long distance running increases the proportion of which fibers?
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What are the 4 arrangements of muscle fibers?
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What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibers?
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What kind of muscle fibers have muscle fascicles parallel to the longitudinal axis?
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What kind of muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point?
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What kind of muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle?
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Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon?
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Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon?
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In which type of muscle fibers does the tendon branch within the muscle?
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Which type of muscle fibers form concentric rings?
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Circular muscle fibers are also known as what kind of muscles?
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What is the point of muscle attachment that remains stationary?
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What is the point of the muscle attachment that is movable?
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What is the function of the muscle upon contraction known as?
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What are the 4 types of primary actions that muscles can be grouped into?
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Which primary action muscles are responsible for producing a particular movement?
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Which muscles' primary actions oppose the action of the agonist?
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Which primary action muscles assist the prime mover in performing an action?
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Which primary action muscles consist of the agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint?
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When a muscle contracts, it causes action which as applied to what?
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When a muscle contracts, the lever moves on a fixed point called what?
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The action of the lever is opposed by a _____ acting in the opposite direction.
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What are the 3 classes of levers?
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Which class of levers does the fulcrum lie between the applied force and resistance force?
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What is an example of first class levers?
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In which class of levers is the resistance located between the applied force and the fulcrum?
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What is an example of second class levers?
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Study Notes
Muscle Tissue Types
- Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
- Skeletal muscle enables voluntary movement by pulling on bones.
- Cardiac muscle facilitates rhythmic contraction to pump blood.
- Smooth muscle governs involuntary contractions in organs like the digestive tract.
Muscle Tissue Properties
- Four shared properties: excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.
- Excitability: the ability to respond to stimuli.
- Contractility: ability to shorten and exert tension.
- Extensibility: capacity to continue contracting over various lengths.
- Elasticity: ability to return to original length after stretching.
Skeletal Muscle Functions
- Produces skeletal movement.
- Maintains posture and body position.
- Supports soft tissue structures.
- Regulates material entry and exit in the body.
- Maintains body temperature.
Muscle Anatomy
- Gross anatomy studies the overarching structure of muscles and connective tissues.
- Microscopic anatomy examines myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres.
- Connective tissues in muscle include epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
- Epimysium surrounds entire muscles, perimysium divides muscles into fascicles, and endomysium surrounds individual fibers.
Muscle Coordination
- Tendons connect muscle to bone, while aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle.
- Nerves penetrate the epimysium to innervate muscles.
- Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) allows chemical communication between nerves and muscles.
Muscle Cell Structure
- Sarcolemma: membrane surrounding muscle cells.
- Sarcoplasm: cytosol of muscle cells.
- Muscle fibers can be 30-40 cm long and are multinucleated.
- Myofibrils, crucial for contraction, are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and consist of actin and myosin.
Sarcomeres and Myofilaments
- Sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle, formed by actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).
- Arrangement of myofilaments in parallel to the cell's long axis creates striations in skeletal muscle.
- Each sarcomere consists of Z lines, I bands, A bands, H bands, and M lines.
Muscle Contraction
- Contraction is triggered by calcium ions.
- ATP is crucial for muscle contraction and resets myosin heads after a cycle.
- Sliding filament theory describes how actin filaments slide toward each other during contraction.
Motor Units and Muscle Tension
- Motor neurons control muscle fibers; fewer fibers allow for precise control, while many fibers provide less precision.
- Muscle tension is influenced by stimulation frequency and the number of active motor units.
Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy
- Muscle hypertrophy refers to muscle enlargement due to increased cellular components.
- Disuse leads to muscle atrophy, characterized by size and tone reduction.
Muscle Fiber Types
- Three muscle fiber types: fast (white), intermediate (pink), and slow (red).
- Fast fibers are suited for short bursts of power; slow fibers are for endurance.
- Intermediate fibers possess characteristics of both fast and slow fibers.
Fiber Arrangements
- Four muscle fiber arrangements: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular.
- Pennate fibers can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate, based on how they attach to tendons.
Muscle Actions and Attachments
- Muscle origin: stationary attachment point.
- Muscle insertion: movable attachment point.
- Muscle actions categorized into prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators.
Lever Systems and Classes
- Muscle contractions act through levers (bones) that pivot at a fulcrum (joint).
- Three lever classes: first (fulcrum in the middle), second (resistance in the middle), and third (effort in the middle).
- Examples of lever actions include head tilting (first class) and standing on tiptoes (second class).
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Description
Test your knowledge on muscle tissue types with these flashcards from UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9. This quiz covers skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, including their functions and characteristics. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.