UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which muscle type pulls on skeletal bones and can undergo voluntary contraction?

    Skeletal muscle

    Which muscle pushes blood through arteries and veins and undergoes rhythmic contractions?

    Cardiac muscle

    Which muscle pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and undergoes involuntary contraction?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 basic properties that muscle tissues share?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is the ability to respond to stimuli?

    <p>Excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is the ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension?

    <p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths?

    <p>Extensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is the ability to rebound toward its original length?

    <p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles perform what 5 functions?

    <p>Produce skeletal movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of anatomy is the study of the overall organization of muscles, connective tissue associated with muscles, nerves associated with muscles, and blood vessels associated with muscles?

    <p>Gross anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of anatomy is the study of myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres?

    <p>Microscopic anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 connective tissues of muscle?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?

    <p>Epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles?

    <p>Perimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue is the dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers?

    <p>Endomysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium merge to form?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons connect what structures together?

    <p>Muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aponeuroses connect what structures together?

    <p>Muscle to muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerves innervate the muscle by penetrating what connective tissue?

    <p>Epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle through a chemical being released into what synapse? Also known as NMJ.

    <p>Neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood vessels often parallel the nerves that innervate the muscle and then branch to form coiled networks that accommodate which 2 muscle movements?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell?

    <p>Sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the cytosol of the muscle cell?

    <p>Sarcoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cell/fiber can be 30-40 cm, is multinucleated, and has nuclei located just deep to the sarcolemma?

    <p>Muscle fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the contraction of muscles, is attached to the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle and is present in the sarcoplasm?

    <p>Myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds each myofibril?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofibrils are made of what 2 myofilaments?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the thin protein filaments.

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the thick protein filaments.

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the repeating units of actin and myosin.

    <p>Sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofilaments are arranged in what direction to the long axis of the cell?

    <p>Parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main functioning unit of muscle fibers?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overlapping of what creates striations that give the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic?

    <p>Actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each sarcomere consists of which lines and bands?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overlap of which band creates striations?

    <p>A band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles consist of what?

    <p>Muscle fascicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle fascicles consist of what?

    <p>Muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle fibers consist of what?

    <p>Myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofibrils consist of what?

    <p>Sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcomeres consist of what?

    <p>Myofilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofilaments are made of what?

    <p>Actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin consists of twisted filaments of which 5 things?

    <p>F actin strands, G actin globular molecules, G actin molecules, tropomyosin, troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

    <p>Tropomyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds tropomyosin in position?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which actin molecule consists of an active binding site?

    <p>G actin molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myosin filaments consist of an elongated tail and a globular head known as what?

    <p>Cross-bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myosin is held in place by what 3 things?

    <p>Protein forming the M line, a core of titin connecting to the Z lines, myosin heads that project toward actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contraction is triggered by the presence of what ion?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contraction requires the presence of what 'energy molecule'?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a muscle contracts, the sliding filament theory dictates which myofilaments slide toward each other?

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the sliding filament theory, upon contraction, the H & I band get _____, the zone of overlap gets _____, the ___ _____ move closer together, while the width of the ___ _____ remains constant.

    <p>smaller, larger, Z line, A band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain steps 1-6 of muscle contraction.

    <ol> <li>Impulse travels down axon, acetylcholine is released into NMJ, sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored Ca ions, Ca ions enter the zone of overlap. 2. Ca binds to troponin, tropomyosin molecule rolls away from active sites on actin molecules. 3. Active sites exposed, myosin heads bind to active sites forming cross-bridges. 4. Energy is released as myosin heads pivot toward the M line. 5. ATP binds to myosin heads, breaking cross-bridge between myosin and actin. 6. ATP provides energy to reactivate myosin head and return them to original position for the cycle to begin again.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of control does a motor neuron have over 2 or 3 muscle fibers?

    <p>Precise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of control does a motor neuron have over about 2000 muscle fibers?

    <p>Less precise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the all or none principle?

    <p>Complete contraction or no contraction at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle tension depends on what 2 things?

    <p>The frequency of stimulation, the number of motor units involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of force of contraction is dependent on what?

    <p>The number of motor units involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed and stabilizes the position of bones and joints?

    <p>Muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone.

    <p>Muscle spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enlargement of the muscle known as?

    <p>Muscle hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exercise causes an increase in what 5 things whose net effect is enlargement of the muscle?

    <p>Number of mitochondria, activity of muscle spindles, concentration of glycolytic enzymes, glycogen reserves, number of myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 major types of muscle fibers and what color are they?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle fibers are associated with eye and hand muscles (fast contractions)?

    <p>Fast fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle fibers are associated with back and leg muscles (slow contractions)?

    <p>Slow fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discontinued use of a muscle known as?

    <p>Muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disuse of muscles causes a decrease in muscle ____ & ____.

    <p>Size &amp; tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following are features of what muscle fibers? Large in diameter, large glycogen reserves, relatively few mitochondria, muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easily, can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, produce powerful contraction, low myoglobin content.

    <p>Fast fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following are features of what muscle fibers? Half the diameter of their counterpart, take 3 times longer to contract after stimulation, can contract for extended periods of time, contain abundant myoglobin, muscles contract using aerobic metabolism, have a large network of capillaries.

    <p>Slow fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following are features of what muscle fibers? Have low myoglobin content, have a high glycolytic enzyme concentration, contract using anaerobic metabolism, have lots of mitochondria, have a large capillary supply, resist fatigue.

    <p>Intermediate fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprinters have a high concentration of which fibers?

    <p>Fast fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repeated intense workouts increase which fibers?

    <p>Fast fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marathon runners have a high amount of which fibers?

    <p>Intermediate and slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Training for long distance running increases the proportion of which fibers?

    <p>Intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 arrangements of muscle fibers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 types of pennate muscle fibers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of muscle fibers have muscle fascicles parallel to the longitudinal axis?

    <p>Parallel muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point?

    <p>Convergent muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle?

    <p>Pennate muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon?

    <p>Unipennate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pennate muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon?

    <p>Bipennate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of muscle fibers does the tendon branch within the muscle?

    <p>Multipennate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers form concentric rings?

    <p>Circular muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circular muscle fibers are also known as what kind of muscles?

    <p>Sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point of muscle attachment that remains stationary?

    <p>Origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point of the muscle attachment that is movable?

    <p>Insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the muscle upon contraction known as?

    <p>Actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 types of primary actions that muscles can be grouped into?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary action muscles are responsible for producing a particular movement?

    <p>Prime movers or agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles' primary actions oppose the action of the agonist?

    <p>Antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary action muscles assist the prime mover in performing an action?

    <p>Synergists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary action muscles consist of the agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint?

    <p>Fixators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a muscle contracts, it causes action which as applied to what?

    <p>A lever (bone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a muscle contracts, the lever moves on a fixed point called what?

    <p>The fulcrum (joint)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action of the lever is opposed by a _____ acting in the opposite direction.

    <p>Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 classes of levers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of levers does the fulcrum lie between the applied force and resistance force?

    <p>First</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of first class levers?

    <p>Tilting the head forward and backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which class of levers is the resistance located between the applied force and the fulcrum?

    <p>Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of second class levers?

    <p>Standing on your tiptoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscle Tissue Types

    • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
    • Skeletal muscle enables voluntary movement by pulling on bones.
    • Cardiac muscle facilitates rhythmic contraction to pump blood.
    • Smooth muscle governs involuntary contractions in organs like the digestive tract.

    Muscle Tissue Properties

    • Four shared properties: excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.
    • Excitability: the ability to respond to stimuli.
    • Contractility: ability to shorten and exert tension.
    • Extensibility: capacity to continue contracting over various lengths.
    • Elasticity: ability to return to original length after stretching.

    Skeletal Muscle Functions

    • Produces skeletal movement.
    • Maintains posture and body position.
    • Supports soft tissue structures.
    • Regulates material entry and exit in the body.
    • Maintains body temperature.

    Muscle Anatomy

    • Gross anatomy studies the overarching structure of muscles and connective tissues.
    • Microscopic anatomy examines myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres.
    • Connective tissues in muscle include epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
    • Epimysium surrounds entire muscles, perimysium divides muscles into fascicles, and endomysium surrounds individual fibers.

    Muscle Coordination

    • Tendons connect muscle to bone, while aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle.
    • Nerves penetrate the epimysium to innervate muscles.
    • Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) allows chemical communication between nerves and muscles.

    Muscle Cell Structure

    • Sarcolemma: membrane surrounding muscle cells.
    • Sarcoplasm: cytosol of muscle cells.
    • Muscle fibers can be 30-40 cm long and are multinucleated.
    • Myofibrils, crucial for contraction, are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and consist of actin and myosin.

    Sarcomeres and Myofilaments

    • Sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle, formed by actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).
    • Arrangement of myofilaments in parallel to the cell's long axis creates striations in skeletal muscle.
    • Each sarcomere consists of Z lines, I bands, A bands, H bands, and M lines.

    Muscle Contraction

    • Contraction is triggered by calcium ions.
    • ATP is crucial for muscle contraction and resets myosin heads after a cycle.
    • Sliding filament theory describes how actin filaments slide toward each other during contraction.

    Motor Units and Muscle Tension

    • Motor neurons control muscle fibers; fewer fibers allow for precise control, while many fibers provide less precision.
    • Muscle tension is influenced by stimulation frequency and the number of active motor units.

    Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy

    • Muscle hypertrophy refers to muscle enlargement due to increased cellular components.
    • Disuse leads to muscle atrophy, characterized by size and tone reduction.

    Muscle Fiber Types

    • Three muscle fiber types: fast (white), intermediate (pink), and slow (red).
    • Fast fibers are suited for short bursts of power; slow fibers are for endurance.
    • Intermediate fibers possess characteristics of both fast and slow fibers.

    Fiber Arrangements

    • Four muscle fiber arrangements: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular.
    • Pennate fibers can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate, based on how they attach to tendons.

    Muscle Actions and Attachments

    • Muscle origin: stationary attachment point.
    • Muscle insertion: movable attachment point.
    • Muscle actions categorized into prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators.

    Lever Systems and Classes

    • Muscle contractions act through levers (bones) that pivot at a fulcrum (joint).
    • Three lever classes: first (fulcrum in the middle), second (resistance in the middle), and third (effort in the middle).
    • Examples of lever actions include head tilting (first class) and standing on tiptoes (second class).

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    Test your knowledge on muscle tissue types with these flashcards from UCSD Anatomy Chapter 9. This quiz covers skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, including their functions and characteristics. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.

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