Untitled Quiz

Anatomy is the study of structure and form.
The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome, which means to cut apart or dissect.
Anatomists study the structure and form of organisms.
Anatomical studies can be performed on dead and living bodies.
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) studies visible structures.
Microscopic anatomy studies structures requiring a microscope.
Cytology studies body cells.
Histology studies tissues.

Systemic anatomy studies each body system.
- Examples include the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder), including the formation and transport of urine.
Regional anatomy studies structures in a given region, encompassing multiple body systems.
- Examples include examining the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other structures of the head.

Surface anatomy studies the projection of internal structures onto the body's surface.
Examples include the location of the heart, lungs, and kidneys on the chest wall.
Applied or clinical anatomy applies anatomical knowledge to medicine.
Surgical anatomy describes structures relevant to surgical procedures.
Radiological anatomy uses medical imaging techniques.
Endoscopy examines the inside of organs.

There are four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities.
Connective tissue supports and connects other tissues.
- Examples include adipose tissue, fascia, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Muscular tissue produces movement.
Nervous tissue transmits signals and allows for body control.

Terms of Position:
- Erect: Body standing upright, facing forward with palms outward.
- Supine: Body lying down face upward.
- Prone: Body lying down face downward.
Anatomical Planes:
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
- Horizontal (Transverse): Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
- Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal is a plane down the middle.

Body cavities are spaces that house and protect internal organs.
Cranial cavity (brain); Vertebral Canal (spinal cord); Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea); Pleural cavity (lungs); Pericardial cavity(heart); Mediastinum (structures surrounding the heart within the thoracic cavity); Abdomino-pelvic cavity (Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and parts of the intestines); Abdominal cavity (most of large intestines); Pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, portions of intestines, and reproductive organs).

The largest organ of the body.
Outer layer is the epidermis; formed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Inner layer is the dermis; contains blood and lymphatic vessels, sensory nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) underlies the dermis; contains fat and connective tissue.
The skin protects, regulates temperature, excretes waste, and synthesizes Vitamin D.
Three main pigments contribute to skin color: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin (red blood cells).

Melanin: A pigment that produces skin colors from yellow to black.
Carotene: A pigment that produces skin colors from yellow to orange, dependent on diet.
Hemoglobin: Produces pink or reddish tones, where blood vessels are present, such as in the lips.

Connective tissue that encloses, separates, and supports muscles and internal organs.
Superficial fascia (hypodermis) is the lowermost layer of skin.
Deep fascia encloses and supports muscles and internal organs.
Visceral fascia separates internal organs from other deep structures.

Formed by bones and cartilage.
Gives the body its shape and framework; protects vital organs; site of muscle attachment; movement; and blood cell formation.
Bones are classified by position (axial, appendicular) and shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural).
Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, directly from mesenchymal membrane.
Endochondral ossification forms most of the bones from a hyaline cartilage precursor.
Bones have elevations (ridges, spines, crests, tubercles, and trochanters) and depressions (fossae, grooves).
Bone remodeling is an ongoing process of bone resorption (osteoclasts) and deposition (osteoblasts).
The bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones; has red blood cell formation; yellow marrow stores fat.
Blood supply to bones, both periosteal arteries and nutrient arteries deliver blood to the bone tissue.