Questions and Answers
What is Atrial Flutter?
What is Bundle Branch Block?
What is a First Degree AV Block?
What is Junctional Rhythm?
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What describes Normal Sinus Rhythm?
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What is Second Degree AV Block, Type 2?
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What does Sinus Arrhythmia refer to?
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What characterizes Sinus Tach?
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What describes Sinus Brady?
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What is SVT?
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What is Torsades de Pointes?
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What is Third Degree Heart Block?
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What is V-Fib?
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What is A-Fib?
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What describes Asystole?
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What is PACs?
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What does PVC stand for?
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What is V-Tach?
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What characterizes Sick Sinus Syndrome?
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What is STEMI?
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What describes Second Degree AV Block Type 2?
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What is R-on-T phenomenon?
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What is the significance of multiple definitions for V-Fib?
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Study Notes
Atrial Flutter
- A type of supraventricular tachycardia characterized by rapid reentrant circuits in the atria.
- Often presents with a "sawtooth" pattern on EKG, typically in the inferior leads (II, III, aVF).
Bundle Branch Block
- A block in the electrical conduction of the heart, often affecting either the left or right bundle branch.
- Results in a widened QRS complex on EKG, indicating a delay in ventricular depolarization.
First Degree AV Block
- Characterized by a prolonged PR interval (>200 ms) on EKG.
- Generally benign and often requires no treatment.
Junctional Rhythm
- Occurs when the AV node or junctional tissue acts as a pacemaker due to failure of the SA node.
- Resulting rhythms are typically characterized by a lack of a P wave or an inverted P wave.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- Reflects a healthy heart rhythm where impulses originate from the SA node.
- EKG shows a consistent rate of 60-100 beats per minute with a regular rhythm.
Second Degree AV Block, Type 2
- Intermittent failure of conduction through the AV node leading to dropped QRS complexes.
- PR intervals remain constant prior to the dropped beat and may indicate the need for a pacemaker.
Sinus Arrhythmia
- A normal variation in heart rate that occurs with respiration; increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation.
- Can be easily identified on EKG as a regular variation in heart rate.
Sinus Tachy
- Defined as a sinus rhythm with a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute.
- Potential causes include anxiety, fever, or other physiological stressors.
Sinus Brady
- Defined as a sinus rhythm with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
- May be normal in athletes or a response to certain medications, but can signify underlying pathology.
SVT (Supraventricular Tachycardia)
- An umbrella term for various rapid heart rhythms originating above the ventricles.
- Typically presents with rapid, regular heart rates visible on EKG, often requiring intervention.
Torsades de Pointes
- A specific type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with a prolonged QT interval.
- Characterized by a "twisting" pattern of the QRS complexes on EKG.
Third Degree Heart Block (Complete Heart Block)
- Characterized by complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activities.
- EKG shows independent atrial and ventricular rates, often leading to pacemaker insertion.
V-Fib (Ventricular Fibrillation)
- A lethal arrhythmia characterized by chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles.
- Results in ineffective contractions and requires immediate defibrillation for survival.
A-Fib (Atrial Fibrillation)
- The most common significant arrhythmia leading to an irregularly irregular heart rhythm.
- Increased risk of stroke due to blood stasis in the atria, necessitating anticoagulation therapy.
PACs (Premature Atrial Contractions)
- Early heartbeats originating from the atria, usually benign.
- EKG shows an early P wave that differs in shape from the normal sinus P wave.
PJCs (Premature Junctional Contractions)
- Early contractions that originate in the AV junction, often resulting in a missing or inverted P wave.
- Generally consider benign unless they are frequent.
PVC (Premature Ventricular Contractions)
- Early depolarizations arising from the ventricles, leading to a wide and bizarre QRS complex.
- Frequent PVCs can be indicative of underlying heart disease or irritation.
R-on-T Phenomenon
- A dangerous occurrence where a PVC falls on the T wave of the previous beat, potentially leading to V-Fib.
- Reflects increased myocardial irritability and can be life-threatening.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
- A group of disorders characterized by inappropriate sinus node function, leading to various arrhythmias.
- Symptoms often include bradycardia, tachycardia, or pauses, requiring possible pacemaker intervention.
STEMI (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction)
- A critical condition characterized by ST-segment elevation on EKG due to significant coronary artery occlusion.
- Requires immediate medical intervention to restore blood flow and minimize heart damage.
V-Tach (Ventricular Tachycardia)
- A rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles, defined as three or more consecutive PVCs.
- Can be life-threatening and may require urgent treatment, such as electrical cardioversion.
Sinus Tachycardia
- Similar to Sinus Tach, it indicates a faster-than-normal heart rate due to physiological factors.
- Can be a response to exercise, anxiety, or metabolic demands on the body.
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