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Questions and Answers
What is a frequent inspection?
What is a frequent inspection?
Daily to monthly
What action does a signal person intend if he extends his arm at shoulder height, makes a fist with his hand, and sticks his thumb up?
What action does a signal person intend if he extends his arm at shoulder height, makes a fist with his hand, and sticks his thumb up?
Boom Up
When hoisting personnel, within what percentage of level must a telescopic boom crane be?
When hoisting personnel, within what percentage of level must a telescopic boom crane be?
1%
What should you do if the load line of the crane contacts an energized power line?
What should you do if the load line of the crane contacts an energized power line?
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According to OSHA 1926.1413, how many broken wires in rotation-resistant rope require replacement?
According to OSHA 1926.1413, how many broken wires in rotation-resistant rope require replacement?
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What is the net capacity of a crane on main boom unless stated otherwise by the manufacturer?
What is the net capacity of a crane on main boom unless stated otherwise by the manufacturer?
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What may happen to a properly rigged load when lifted off the ground if the operator does not consider boom deflection?
What may happen to a properly rigged load when lifted off the ground if the operator does not consider boom deflection?
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Who should an operator respond to a 'stop' signal from?
Who should an operator respond to a 'stop' signal from?
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What area do truck cranes without a 5th outrigger generally have no lifting capacity unless stated otherwise?
What area do truck cranes without a 5th outrigger generally have no lifting capacity unless stated otherwise?
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What is the definition of 'operating radius'?
What is the definition of 'operating radius'?
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What applies to the capacities below the bold line shown on a load chart?
What applies to the capacities below the bold line shown on a load chart?
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In which quadrant are rough terrain crane capacities generally greater?
In which quadrant are rough terrain crane capacities generally greater?
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Under what conditions is it never okay for a person to ride the headache ball?
Under what conditions is it never okay for a person to ride the headache ball?
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By what percentage do most manufacturers require a crane's load chart capacity to be reduced for duty cycle operations?
By what percentage do most manufacturers require a crane's load chart capacity to be reduced for duty cycle operations?
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From which two points should the boom be measured?
From which two points should the boom be measured?
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What is the preferred method of installing wire rope from a reel onto a hoist drum?
What is the preferred method of installing wire rope from a reel onto a hoist drum?
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Over which quadrant are truck crane capacities usually greater?
Over which quadrant are truck crane capacities usually greater?
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According to OSHA, which area of an operating crane must always be barricaded?
According to OSHA, which area of an operating crane must always be barricaded?
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What is the OSHA regulation governing cranes in construction?
What is the OSHA regulation governing cranes in construction?
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Under which circumstance is a crack in the windshield of a crane cab acceptable?
Under which circumstance is a crack in the windshield of a crane cab acceptable?
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Under what circumstance does OSHA permit hoisting personnel by crane?
Under what circumstance does OSHA permit hoisting personnel by crane?
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What crane capacity chart is appropriate when a crane is set up with 3 of its 4 outriggers extended and one retracted?
What crane capacity chart is appropriate when a crane is set up with 3 of its 4 outriggers extended and one retracted?
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According to OSHA, while hoisting personnel, the total load must not exceed what percentage of the crane's rated capacity?
According to OSHA, while hoisting personnel, the total load must not exceed what percentage of the crane's rated capacity?
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When is side loading of crane booms permitted?
When is side loading of crane booms permitted?
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What does it indicate if an operator makes two audible signals when moving a crane?
What does it indicate if an operator makes two audible signals when moving a crane?
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When may blocking (cribbing) be placed under outrigger beams?
When may blocking (cribbing) be placed under outrigger beams?
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What is the result of placing timber blocking under the tips of the tracks on a crawler crane?
What is the result of placing timber blocking under the tips of the tracks on a crawler crane?
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What percentage of the manufacturer's crane rating must not be exceeded if a load test is done on a repaired crane?
What percentage of the manufacturer's crane rating must not be exceeded if a load test is done on a repaired crane?
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Where is the tipping axis of a crawler crane located?
Where is the tipping axis of a crawler crane located?
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What should be done with materials placed under overhead energized power lines?
What should be done with materials placed under overhead energized power lines?
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Where should the crane's outrigger pads or tracks be placed when working at ground floor level near a cellar wall?
Where should the crane's outrigger pads or tracks be placed when working at ground floor level near a cellar wall?
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How should the wheels of a crane be positioned when it is set up for working on outriggers?
How should the wheels of a crane be positioned when it is set up for working on outriggers?
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What happens to ground bearing pressure if you move a crawler crane from soft ground to harder ground?
What happens to ground bearing pressure if you move a crawler crane from soft ground to harder ground?
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When may a swivel be used with rotation resistant wire rope?
When may a swivel be used with rotation resistant wire rope?
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What should you do on pick and carry operations?
What should you do on pick and carry operations?
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What boom position would cause the greatest ground pressure when lifting with crawler cranes?
What boom position would cause the greatest ground pressure when lifting with crawler cranes?
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Where should the hook be positioned when preparing to hoist a light load?
Where should the hook be positioned when preparing to hoist a light load?
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According to OSHA 1926.1408, what minimum clearance must be maintained between any part of the crane/load and 850kV energized overhead power lines?
According to OSHA 1926.1408, what minimum clearance must be maintained between any part of the crane/load and 850kV energized overhead power lines?
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How many parts of line are required to hoist a 36,500 lb. load if the maximum allowable line pull is 9,000 lbs.?
How many parts of line are required to hoist a 36,500 lb. load if the maximum allowable line pull is 9,000 lbs.?
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What determines the amount of deduction required for an erected jib that is not being used?
What determines the amount of deduction required for an erected jib that is not being used?
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What capacity should you use when the boom length of the crane falls between lengths listed in the load chart?
What capacity should you use when the boom length of the crane falls between lengths listed in the load chart?
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When is it okay to temporarily bypass a crane's overload warning system?
When is it okay to temporarily bypass a crane's overload warning system?
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What happens to the leverage of the load on a crane as the boom is being lowered?
What happens to the leverage of the load on a crane as the boom is being lowered?
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Where are the Standard Method hand signals found?
Where are the Standard Method hand signals found?
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What should an operator do if a crane's load moment indicator (LMI) malfunctions?
What should an operator do if a crane's load moment indicator (LMI) malfunctions?
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What is the safety factor of rotation resistant rope while lifting personnel?
What is the safety factor of rotation resistant rope while lifting personnel?
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Study Notes
Frequent Inspection
- A frequent inspection is defined as occurring daily to monthly.
Hand Signals
- A signal person extending their arm at shoulder height, making a fist, and sticking their thumb up indicates "Boom Up."
Crane Operations
- Telescopic boom cranes must be within 1% of level grade when hoisting personnel for the load chart's gross ratings to remain valid.
Safety Protocol
- If the crane's load line contacts an energized power line, remain in the cab until de-energized.
Wire Rope Standards
- According to OSHA 1926.1413, two broken wires in six rope diameters require replacement of rotation-resistant rope.
Crane Capacity
- A crane's net capacity on the main boom is the listed capacity minus the weight of rigging and attachments.
Load Rigging
- A properly rigged load can swing away from the crane if the operator does not account for boom deflection.
Signals Authority
- Operators must respond to a "stop" signal from anyone.
Truck Crane Capacities
- Without a 5th outrigger, truck cranes generally have no lifting capacity over the front unless stated otherwise.
Operating Radius
- The "operating radius" is the distance from the crane's center of rotation to the load's center of gravity.
Load Chart Capabilities
- Capacities below the bold line on a load chart are based on the crane's stability.
Quadrant Capacity
- Rough terrain crane capacities are generally higher over the front quadrant.
Hoisting Regulations
- According to federal requirements, it is never permissible for a person to ride the headache ball.
Duty Cycle Operations
- Most manufacturers require reducing a crane's load chart capacity by 20% for duty cycle operations like high-volume concrete placement.
Boom Measurement
- Boom length should be measured from hinge pins to the tip sheave's center.
Wire Rope Placement
- The preferred method for installing wire rope from a reel to a hoist drum is top of the reel to top of the drum.
Truck Crane Operation
- Truck crane capacities are usually greater over the rear quadrant.
Barricading Requirements
- Areas of an operating crane, especially where the rear of the rotating superstructure swings, must always be barricaded.
OSHA Regulations
- The governing OSHA regulation for cranes in construction is 1926.1400.
Wind Restrictions
- A crane cab's windshield crack is acceptable if it does not cause visible distortion affecting safe operations.
Personnel Hoisting Conditions
- OSHA permits hoisting personnel by a crane only if no less hazardous or practicable means exist.
Outrigger Guidelines
- With three outriggers extended, the appropriate crane capacity chart is the on-rubber chart unless otherwise specified.
Weight Capacity During Personnel Hoisting
- Total load while hoisting personnel must not exceed 50% of the crane's rated capacity.
Side Loading Regulations
- Side loading of crane booms is allowed only with freely suspended loads.
Operator Communications
- Two audible signals when moving a crane indicate the operator intends to proceed.
Outrigger Guidelines
- Blocking (cribbing) should never be placed under outrigger beams.
Ground Stability
- Placing timber blocking under a crawler crane's track tips increases stability.
Load Test Regulations
- When load tests are conducted on repaired cranes, they must not exceed 110% of the manufacturer's rating.
Tipping Axis Conditions
- The tipping axis of a crawler crane's location depends on whether the idler or sprocket is aligned or offset from track rollers.
Lifting Restrictions Near Power Lines
- Materials should not be lifted by a crane under overhead energized power lines.
Outrigger Pad Placement
- Crane outrigger pads must be positioned at least back from the cellar wall's depth when working near cellar walls.
Wheel Positioning
- Crane wheels should only be slightly off the ground when set up on outriggers to relieve tire weight.
Ground Bearing Pressure
- Moving a crawler crane from soft ground to hard ground results in increased ground bearing pressure.
Swivel Usage with Wire Rope
- A swivel may be used with rotation-resistant wire rope only if the rope manufacturer grants approval.
Pick and Carry Operations
- During pick and carry operations, keep the boom as short as possible for safety.
Ground Pressure Factors
- Greatest ground pressure occurs when lifting from a crawler crane's boom positioned over a corner.
Hook Positioning
- The hook must be positioned directly above the load's center of gravity when preparing to hoist.
Clearance Requirements
- A minimum of 45 feet clearance must be maintained between any part of the crane/load and 850kV energized overhead power lines.
Load Line Requirements
- To lift a 36,500 lb load with a maximum line pull of 9,000 lbs, five parts of line are required.
Jib Deduction
- The deduction for an erected jib not in use is determined by the jib's effective weight.
Load Chart Navigation
- When boom length falls between lengths on the load chart, use the next longest or next shortest, whichever has a lower capacity.
Overload System
- Temporarily bypassing a crane's overload warning system is permissible only during assembly or disassembly operations.
Load Leverage Dynamics
- As the boom lowers, the leverage of the load on the crane increases.
Hand Signals Reference
- Standard method hand signals are found in OSHA Subpart CC.
LMI Malfunctions
- If a crane's load moment indicator (LMI) malfunctions, operations must cease immediately and be reported to a supervisor.
Inspection Criteria
- Inspection criteria for running ropes: Six broken wires in a rope lay or three in a strand dictate replacement.
Inspection Frequencies
- Standing or pendant ropes must be inspected for more than two broken wires in one rope lay beyond end connections or one at an end connection.
Diameter Reduction Standards
- A reduction of more than 5% from the nominal diameter is subject to inspection.
Range Diagram Utilities
- A range diagram helps determine the load radius using boom length and angle.
Load Radius Variations
- An unlevel crane that swings a load from the high side to the low side will increase the load radius.
Duty Cycle Capacity Reductions
- Manufacturers decrease load capacity for duty-cycle operations due to potential side loading and force changes.
Stability Risks
- Only approved attachments should be placed at the rear to avoid backward stability issues.
Outrigger Extensions
- Outriggers should only be less than fully extended when specified by a load chart for that operation.
Stability Testing
- Backward stability is tested with basic boom at maximum angle without load over the side.
Jib Angle Interpretations
- "Jib angle to ground" refers to the main boom angle minus the jib’s offset.
Man-Basket Testing Standards
- Test loads for a man-basket must be held in a suspended position for a minimum of five minutes, evenly distributed.
Sheave Pitch Diameter
- All sheaves in a boom hoist reeving system must have a rope pitch diameter of at least 18 times the nominal diameter when using rotation-resistant rope.
Minimum Sheave Pitch Diameters
- Load hoisting sheaves require a minimum pitch diameter of 18 times the rope diameter, while boom sheaves need 15 times and load block sheaves require 16 times.
Outrigger Blocking Requirements
- Outrigger blocking should be at least three times the pad size.
LMI Installation Requirements
- Load moment indicators (LMI) must be installed on cranes with a lifting capacity of three tons and above.
Hook Types for Personnel Lifting
- The crane's hook must be of a type that can be closed and locked when lifting personnel.
Jib Backlash Limits
- Allowable jib backlash is limited to 5 degrees.
Crane Leveling Specifications
- A crane must be level within 1% grade.
Periodic Inspection Timing
- A periodic inspection occurs monthly to annually.
Test Load Limits
- Test loads must not exceed 110% of the manufacturer's load ratings.
Long-Term Crane Inactivity
- Cranes idle for more than six months require a complete inspection including frequent, periodic, and wire rope checks.
Rotation Resistant Rope Usage
- Rotation-resistant ropes may be used as boom hoist reeving if approved by the governing standards.
Safety Factor for Personnel Lifting
- A safety factor of 10:1 is required for rotation-resistant rope when lifting personnel.
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