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Questions and Answers

What is the primary task during the Trust vs Mistrust stage of development?

  • Achieving life goals
  • Attachment to the mother/caregiver (correct)
  • Developing physical skills
  • Developing a sense of purpose

Which outcome indicates a successful transition in the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?

  • Sense of guilt
  • Feelings of self-control (correct)
  • Feelings of inferiority
  • Feelings of isolation

What is the critical task during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?

  • Developing a sense of identity
  • Reflection on life
  • Developing social and learning skills (correct)
  • Forming intimate relationships

Which of the following reflects the successful outcome of the Intimacy vs Isolation stage?

<p>Strong loving relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of an unsuccessful resolution during the Identity vs Role Confusion stage?

<p>Self-doubt and confusion about identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task in the Integrity vs Despair stage of development?

<p>Reflecting on life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a sense of accomplishment in the Generativity vs Stagnation stage?

<p>Creating positive change for others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development occurs after the Sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

<p>Preoperational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of immediate newborn care?

<p>To establish and maintain respiratory function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence for suctioning a newborn's airway?

<p>Mouth then nose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent hypothermia in a newborn after delivery?

<p>Use a warm, dry, soft towel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a newborn be positioned to promote drainage of secretions?

<p>Right side lying position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a healthy APGAR score indicate for a newborn?

<p>7-10 at both 1 and 5 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed during the neurological examination of a newborn?

<p>Reflexes of the newborn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT part of positioning the newborn after delivery?

<p>Place in supine position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be done to assess for any gross abnormalities in a newborn?

<p>Assess all major body systems including appearance and extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes competitive play in children?

<p>Organized activities that involve rules and winners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play focuses primarily on a child's imagination?

<p>Pretend play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of physical play for children?

<p>Develops balance and hand-eye coordination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does constructive play benefit children's learning?

<p>Encourages persistence, planning, and creativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is typically associated with separation anxiety in infants and toddlers?

<p>Protest behaviors such as screaming and crying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dramatic or fantasy play from other types?

<p>It encourages children to engage in imaginative scenarios. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of play, what does 'physical play' refer to?

<p>Any activity involving body movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of competitive play?

<p>Cooperative interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of onlooker play?

<p>Children only observe and do not join in. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does parallel play typically begin?

<p>2 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play involves children working towards a common goal?

<p>Cooperative play (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefits does associative play provide for children?

<p>Helps with verbal communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is characterized by children using one object to represent another?

<p>Symbolic play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social skills can children learn during cooperative play?

<p>Kindness and empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of parallel play?

<p>Mimicking others' actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to actively engage in cooperative play?

<p>Around 4-5 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of detachment in young children after prolonged separation from a parent?

<p>The child appears happy and content with caregivers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is appropriate for addressing separation anxiety in preschoolers?

<p>Encouraging parents to stay with and participate in care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common fear experienced by school-age children in a hospital setting?

<p>Fear of disability and death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can caregivers support a child experiencing fear in a hospital environment?

<p>Provide opportunities for the child to express feelings and fears. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be maintained to help toddlers feel secure in a new environment?

<p>The same routine they are accustomed to. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions should be used for adolescents facing hospitalization?

<p>Discuss their concerns about appearance and privacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help school-age children maintain a sense of control during hospitalization?

<p>Providing choices and encouraging independence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should caregivers provide to preschoolers to ease their fears during hospitalization?

<p>Understanding and acknowledgment of their fears. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily motivates behavior in the first stage of moral development?

<p>Avoiding punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the 'Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation' typically occur?

<p>7 to 10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of solitary play in children?

<p>Focus on independent entertainment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of play involves observing others without participating?

<p>Onlooker play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically motivates behavior in the 'Law and Order Orientation' stage?

<p>Adherence to laws and rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Social Contract and Legalistic Orientation emerge?

<p>12 to 40 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is observed in newborns aged 0 to 3 months?

<p>Unoccupied play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'Universal Ethical Principles Orientation' stage?

<p>Individual's own moral principles over societal laws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Newborn Respiratory Support

Establishing and maintaining the newborn's breathing function.

Preventing Hypothermia

Maintaining a stable body temperature in the newborn

Neonatal Suctioning

Removing mucus from the newborn's mouth and nose to ensure breathing.

Apgar Score

Quick assessment of a newborn's health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

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Assessment Checklist

Comprehensive examination of newborn including Apgar Scores, vital signs, reflexes, anthropometric measurements and identifying any abnormalities.

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Importance of Cord Care

Proper care of the umbilical cord stump after birth to prevent infection.

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Positioning the Newborn

Placing the newborn in a safe and effective position for draining secretions.

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Preventing Hypothermia in Newborns

Actively keeping the newborn's body temperature stable by wrapping in warm towels and using radiant warmers.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from birth to 18 months. It focuses on the infant's ability to develop a sense of trust in their caregivers, based on their consistency and responsiveness.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 18 months to 3 years. It centers on the toddler's developing sense of independence and self-control, allowing them to explore their environment and make choices.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

The third stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 3 to 6 years. It emphasizes the preschooler's growing sense of purpose and initiative as they begin to take on tasks and responsibilities.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 6 to 12 years. It focuses on the school-aged child's development of competence and a sense of accomplishment in their academic and social endeavors.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 12 to 20 years. It revolves around the adolescent's search for their own identity and sense of self, exploring different roles and values.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

The sixth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 20 to 35 years. It focuses on the young adult's ability to form meaningful, intimate relationships and connect with others.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

The seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 35 to 65 years. It centers on the adult's desire to contribute to society and leave a positive impact on future generations.

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Integrity vs. Despair

The final stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 65 years to death. It emphasizes the older adult's reflection on their life and their sense of fulfillment and acceptance.

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Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

Children in this stage (4-7 years old) believe that actions are driven by rewards or reciprocation of favors. They'll do things if they get something back.

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Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation

Children at this stage (7-10 years old) make decisions based on gaining social approval and avoiding disapproval.

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Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation

Children at this stage (10-12 years old) adhere to rules and laws without questioning them. Right and wrong are based on what the law says.

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Stage 5: Social Contract and Legalistic Orientation

People at this stage (12-40 years old) recognize that laws are made for the benefit of society, but they are also open to discussing and changing those laws.

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Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation

At this stage (40+ years old), individuals have developed their own moral values that may even conflict with societal laws.

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Unoccupied Play (0-3 months)

Babies in this stage are just starting to learn about the world. They observe their surroundings and make random movements out of curiosity.

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Solitary Play (0-2 years)

Children in this stage prefer to play alone and don't need other children to entertain them. They build confidence and skill independently.

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Onlooker Play (2 years)

Toddlers will watch other children play without actively joining in. They are observing and learning.

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Onlooker Play

Watching others play without actively participating. It helps kids gain confidence to join in later.

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Parallel Play

Kids play alongside each other, using similar toys but not interacting directly. Common from 2 to 3 years old.

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Associative Play

Kids start engaging with each other, but primarily focus on their own actions. They might share toys or materials but not work towards a shared goal.

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Cooperative Play

Children genuinely play together, working towards a common goal. They share ideas, communicate, and learn to compromise.

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Benefits of Onlooker Play

Helps children observe, learn play patterns, and build confidence to join in later.

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Benefits of Parallel Play

Prepares children for social interaction. They practice using toys, mimicking others, and building independence.

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Benefits of Associative Play

Improves social skills, cooperation, language, and problem-solving. Kids learn to share and negotiate.

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Benefits of Cooperative Play

Enhances social and emotional development. Children learn teamwork, empathy, compromise, and how to work towards a common goal.

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Pretend Play

Activities where children use their imagination to act out scenarios, like cooking in a play kitchen or pretending to drink tea.

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Dramatic Play

Fantasy play where kids use their imaginations to create stories and roles, like playing house or dressing up.

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Physical Play

Play involving body movement, like running, jumping, dancing, and riding scooters.

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Constructive Play

Building, creating, or organizing materials, like building with Legos or making sandcastles.

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Separation Anxiety (Protest Phase)

The first stage of separation anxiety where infants and toddlers react with intense crying, screaming, and inconsolability when separated from caregivers.

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Separation Anxiety (Despair Phase)

The second stage where children become withdrawn, hopeless, and apathetic after being separated from caregivers.

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What is the last stage of separation anxiety?

The child eventually becomes more calm and seems to accept the separation, although they may still be anxious.

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Detachment in Toddlers

A stage of adjustment following separation from a parent, where the child appears happy and engaged with their environment and caregivers.

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Interventions for Detachment

Strategies to help toddlers cope with separation from their parents, including promoting parental involvement, maintaining routines, and offering comfort measures.

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Preschooler's Separation Fears

Preschoolers exhibit anxiety about losing routines, schedules, and fear bodily harm from procedures, believing hospitalization is punishment.

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Interventions for Preschoolers

Strategies to manage preschooler separation anxiety, including parental presence, acknowledging fears, providing explanations, and fostering interaction with peers.

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School-Age Fear of Illness

School-aged children experience fear of falling behind in school, disability, death, loss of control, and separation from family and friends, often questioning their actions' role in their illness.

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Interventions for School-Age Children

Strategies to address school-age children's separation anxieties, including explaining illness and treatment, encouraging independence, and providing choices and privacy.

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Adolescent Separation Anxiety

Adolescents often fear being different, worry about their appearance, fear separation from friends, and experience loss of privacy and independence, leading to withdrawal and noncompliance with treatment.

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Interventions for Adolescents

Strategies to manage adolescent separation anxiety, including addressing their fears, respecting their privacy, and encouraging independence and self-expression.

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Study Notes

Immediate Newborn Care

  • Establish and maintain respiratory function: Ensure safe and healthy breathing
  • Provide warmth and prevent hypothermia: Prevent loss of body heat
  • Ensure safety from injury and infection: Prevent harm or illness
  • Identify actual and potential problems: Identify any medical concerns

Suctioning, Airway, and Breathing

  • Oro-pharyngeal suction: Wipe the baby's mouth with a gauze and finger after delivery
  • Warm towel: Wrap the newborn in a warmed towel
  • Suction mouth and nose: Gently suction mouth then nose to prevent aspiration
  • Stimulate crying: Rub the baby to encourage crying

Drying the Baby

  • Dry towel: Use a soft, warm towel to dry the baby
  • Hypothermia: Newborns rapidly lose heat

Replacing Wet Towels

  • Rapid heat loss: Wet newborns lose heat quickly
  • Dry towel: Wrap in a dry towel
  • Radiant warmer: Place in a radiant warmer
  • Positioning: Place in the trendelenburg position

Positioning the Newborn

  • Right side lying: Promote drainage and fasten gastric emptying time
  • Good airway: Ensure proper positioning for airway
  • Oxygen: Provide oxygen as needed

Assessing the Newborn

  • One-minute Apgar: Record and re-assess at 5 minutes
  • Neurological check: Check reflexes
  • Vital signs: Measure weight, length, head, and chest circumference
  • Physical assessment: Evaluate for defects in head, eyes, ears, chest, spine, face, nose, abdomen, and extremities
  • Eye infection: Assess for eye infections

APGAR Score

  • Scoring: 10/10 = 2-0-1 (activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration)

Cord Care

  • Clamp placement: Place ligatures 2.5-3 cm from abdomen for first and 1 cm from the first for the second
  • Cord cutting: Cut the cord using blunt sterile scissor
  • Cord cleaning: Clean the cord before wrapping
  • Signs of infection: Assess the cord for signs of infection (erythema, edema, tenderness)

Assessment of Vital Signs

  • Temperature: Rectal route
  • Heart Rate (HR): 100-160 bpm after birth
  • Respiratory Rate (RR): 30-60 breaths per minute
  • Blood Pressure (BP): Not routinely assessed in healthy term infants

Anthropometric Measurements

  • Head Circumference:
  • Chest circumference:
  • Abdomen Circumference
  • Length:
  • Weight: 2500-4000 grams

Eye Care

  • Sterile water: Clean the eye lids with sterile warm water and cotton
  • Ophthalmic ointment: Apply ophthalmic ointment (erythromycin)

Vitamin K Injection/Hep B

  • 1mg Vitamin K: Administered via IM injection to lateral anterior thigh, into the vastus lateralis

Dressing/Wrapping

  • Mummy wrap: Wrap with a warm blanket
  • Stockinette cap: Cover the head with a stockinette cap

Identification

  • Tagging: Identify the newborn with a tag on wrist and ankle, noting details like weight, sex, hospital no, mother's name.

Reflexes

  • Moro/Startle:
  • Palmar/Plantar:
  • Babinski:
  • Rooting:
  • Sucking:
  • Tonic Neck:
  • Stepping:

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