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Foundation Certificate (FOU) (Global) Workbook

• This course provides essential knowledge required for Diploma qualifications
• Access to LEEA's Diploma qualifications requires completion of this Foundation Certificate
• Covers legislation, regulations, standards, and best practices relating to lifting equipment
• Includes definitions, controlling risks, materials science, units of measure, basic machines, manufacturing verification, rating of lifting equipment, and types of lifting equipment
• Students will be able to outline the legislative requirements of the lifting equipment industry and choose appropriate standards and best practices for specific lifting equipment use
• Students will be able to identify different lifting equipment, describe materials and methods of manufacture, and how manufacturers verify equipment and all patent defects
• Employers have a moral responsibility to ensure appropriate working conditions are provided
• Consequences of failing to adequately manage health and safety, for an employer, can include: unsafe working conditions impacting production, loss of output, lowering of morale and motivation, Loss of sales and profitability, negative PR, and potential financial costs (fines, damages, legal costs, and insurance)
• National legislative requirements concerning lifting equipment exist worldwide
• Health and Safety at Work Act is the UK's primary piece of legislation concerning health and safety in the working environment
• The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is the primary health and safety legislation in the USA
• Common elements of legislation concerning lifting equipment are found worldwide
• Standards are published specifications for common language and contain criteria for consistency, reliability, and effectiveness (e.g., ISO, BSI, ASME)
• ACoPs (Approved Codes of Practice) provide detail for meeting legal requirements
• ACoPs are issued by relevant authorities with government minister consent and stakeholder consultations.
• Codes of practice, LEEA COPSULE, and best practices all explain how professionals should behave and/or work
• Operation in a safe environment with maintained and tested equipment is essential

Industry Relevant Definitions

• Duty Holder: the person responsible for lifting equipment ownership and use (most often the employer or self-employed person)
• Competent Person: a person with necessary knowledge, experience, training, skills, and ability to do a specific duty, who may delegate such duties to others, but is still ultimately responsible

Standards

• ISO standards are international standards used globally
• BSI standards are British national standards
• ASME are American standards

Codes of Practice

• Codes of Practice are a set of written rules that explain expected behavior for a specific industry or profession
• Standards are designed for voluntary use, without legislative requirements, but compliance carries a quasi-legal status

Common Elements of Legislation

• Legal frameworks establish a broad system of rules governing lifting equipment across industries
• Different countries have unique legislative requirements related to lifting equipment

Competency

• Competency is expected in knowledge, experience, training, skills, and ability to work safely.

Factor of Safety (FOS)

• FOS is redundancy in equipment strength which allows for accidental overload and deterioration

Inspection

• Pre-use inspection: Personnel visually check equipment for defects before use
• Interim inspection: Risk assessment determines frequency and focus for components likely to fail
• Thorough examination: Specialized competency inspection evaluates overall operational fitness of the equipment

Lifting Equipment

• Lifting equipment describes all types of lifting accessories and appliances including lifting accessories ('lifting gear') and lifting appliances ('lifting devices or machines)

Manufacturers' Certificate

• Manufacturers' certificate, record of test, or statement of conformity is a document confirming the verification that manufacturing tests and necessary product verifications have been carried out
• Essential to verify the maximum load

Industry Relevant Definitions

• Minimum Breaking (or Failure) Load: The force (or mass) capable of damaging the equipment
• Multipurpose Equipment: A machine used for several different purposes
• Operative: A trained personnel using a piece of equipment
• Rated Capacity: The maximum lift weight of a machine.
• Proof or Test Load: The load (force or mass) applied in a test.
• Single-Purpose Equipment: A machine intended for one task or purpose
• Report of Test: A reported document created by the competent personnel who conducted the test.

Risk Assessment

• Assess human harm, legal effects (duty of care), and economic loss to identify crucial risk factors.

Probability and Severity

• Probability examines likeliness of harm from hazards.
• Severity examines the consequences' severity, should a hazard manifest.

Basic Machines

• Machines use an applied force at one point to transmit force to another point to obtain a mechanical advantage, for a specific purpose
• Simple machines (e.g., lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedges, screws)
• Compound machines combine simple machines for complex work

Weight and Force

• Force equals force times distance
• Turning moment equals force times distance from the turning point

Mechanical Advantage (MA) and Velocity Ratio (VR)

• Machines use effort to perform work at a greater (mechanical) advantage
• Velocity ratio is the ratio between distance moved by effort and distance moved by load
• Calculating mechanical advantage: Load/Effort
• Calculating velocity ratio: Distance effort moves/Distance load moves
• Efficiency: (MA/VR) * 100%

Polymers and Natural Fibres

• Natural polymers: Shellac, wool, silk, natural rubber, cellulose
• Synthetic polymers: Synthetic rubber, resin, nylon, PVC, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, high modulus polyethylene

Natural Fibres

• General purpose slings constructed from natural fibres, through processes resembling rope-making

Heat Treatment

• Increasing or decreasing material strength
• Refining the grain structure of a material, to soften or harden the final product

Stress and Strain

• Stress is internal force experienced from force across a cross-sectional area
• Strain is change in shape from applying force

Tensile Test

• Tensile test examines material properties under tension
• Important properties of materials are determined through load testing

Shear, Tension, and Compression

• Single shear: forces across a material (e.g., a lifting lug)
• Double shear: forces across a material in two areas (e.g., a shackle pin)
• Compression: a pushing force (e.g., jack body)
• Tension: a pulling force (e.g., chain sling)
• Torsion: a twisting force (e.g., a rotating gearbox)

Units of Measure

• Standardised quantities of physical properties used to determine measurements
• Common SI units: weight, length, mass, and force
• Common units in relation to lifting: Tonnes, kilograms, pounds

Symbols and Conversions

• Common abbreviations or symbols for units of measurement, and numerical conversions

Types of Verification

• Common verification tests (e.g., dimensional, light load, working load limit deflection, breaking load, hardness, electromagnetic wire rope examinations)

Test Machines and Force/Load Measuring Equipment

• Accuracy of test machines for the application of a load
• Safety of the equipment, or testing equipment

Dimensional Measuring Equipment

• Proper calibration must be maintained
• Correct measurement units are necessary

Crack Detection

• Methods of detecting cracks and imperfections in equipment

Terminal Fittings

• Shackles, master links, hooks, C-hooks
• Essential components, for connecting and lifting loads in various forms.
• Multiple forms of terminals available.

Eye Terminations

• Different forms of securing eyes for lifting apparatuses

Wire Rope Slings

• Construction and use. Identifying components. Different types of wire rope and slings

Chain Slings

• Durability and composition of materials to make chain slings
• Assembly of links and necessary procedures to produce a proper quality chain sling
• Safety of different forms of slings in different applications.
• Calibration, and procedures to assemble chain slings

Textile Slings

• Types of slings developed and used by several manufacturers
• Common terminology for different types of slings available
• Methods for identifying textile slings

Mobile Cranes

• Various mobile crane types
• Main use of cranes and where different types of cranes are needed.

Tower Cranes

• General use in construction sites

Offshore Pedestal Cranes

• Lifting apparatuses used for offshore transportation of personnel and materials.