Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the acronym SWL stand for in risk assessment context?
What does the acronym SWL stand for in risk assessment context?
Which of the following factors is used to calculate NET RESULT (Risk)?
Which of the following factors is used to calculate NET RESULT (Risk)?
What should equipment used in an industry with hazardous tasks possess?
What should equipment used in an industry with hazardous tasks possess?
What is the primary purpose of conducting a risk assessment?
What is the primary purpose of conducting a risk assessment?
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What is a moral duty of employers in the context of workplace risks?
What is a moral duty of employers in the context of workplace risks?
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Which scenario might be considered inherently dangerous in a workplace?
Which scenario might be considered inherently dangerous in a workplace?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between likelihood and severity in risk assessment?
Which statement best describes the relationship between likelihood and severity in risk assessment?
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A section of an industry needs to have all equipment evaluated for what specific attribute?
A section of an industry needs to have all equipment evaluated for what specific attribute?
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Which of the following materials is classified as a synthetic polymer?
Which of the following materials is classified as a synthetic polymer?
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What is the primary benefit of using polymers in the lifting equipment industry?
What is the primary benefit of using polymers in the lifting equipment industry?
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What is the purpose of introducing additives like plasticisers into polymers?
What is the purpose of introducing additives like plasticisers into polymers?
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Which type of sling saw a decline in usage due to the rise of textile slings?
Which type of sling saw a decline in usage due to the rise of textile slings?
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What is naturally produced from grasses and leaves to form ropes used in slings?
What is naturally produced from grasses and leaves to form ropes used in slings?
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What is the primary goal of the heat treatment process in metals?
What is the primary goal of the heat treatment process in metals?
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Which of the following is NOT a common natural fibre used for rope slings?
Which of the following is NOT a common natural fibre used for rope slings?
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Which synthetic polymer is commonly associated with latex and rubber for manufacturing wear seals?
Which synthetic polymer is commonly associated with latex and rubber for manufacturing wear seals?
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What is the primary purpose of Job Safety Analysis?
What is the primary purpose of Job Safety Analysis?
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Which step involves determining who may be at risk from identified hazards?
Which step involves determining who may be at risk from identified hazards?
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What is a key aspect of the step 'Record Your Findings and Implement Them'?
What is a key aspect of the step 'Record Your Findings and Implement Them'?
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During the risk evaluation process, what is assessed?
During the risk evaluation process, what is assessed?
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What does the step 'Review Your Findings' emphasize?
What does the step 'Review Your Findings' emphasize?
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How should the findings from a Job Safety Analysis be treated?
How should the findings from a Job Safety Analysis be treated?
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Which of the following best describes regular reviews of workplace conditions?
Which of the following best describes regular reviews of workplace conditions?
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When identifying hazards, what is the focus of the analysis?
When identifying hazards, what is the focus of the analysis?
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Which test is the most common method used in the lifting equipment industry by manufacturers to verify hardness?
Which test is the most common method used in the lifting equipment industry by manufacturers to verify hardness?
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What does the Charpy impact test specifically measure?
What does the Charpy impact test specifically measure?
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What type of specimen orientation is used in the Izod impact test?
What type of specimen orientation is used in the Izod impact test?
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What is the primary purpose of the bend test mentioned in the content?
What is the primary purpose of the bend test mentioned in the content?
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How many specimens are typically tested at any one temperature during the Charpy impact test?
How many specimens are typically tested at any one temperature during the Charpy impact test?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Izod impact test?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Izod impact test?
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What property does the Brinell hardness test primarily evaluate?
What property does the Brinell hardness test primarily evaluate?
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What is the purpose of notching the Izod specimens?
What is the purpose of notching the Izod specimens?
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What is the role of effort in a lifting machine?
What is the role of effort in a lifting machine?
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Which of the following statements about Mechanical Advantage (MA) is true?
Which of the following statements about Mechanical Advantage (MA) is true?
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In a state of equilibrium in a machine, what happens if the effort is increased?
In a state of equilibrium in a machine, what happens if the effort is increased?
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Which option correctly describes the relationship between cable lines and load capacity in a winch?
Which option correctly describes the relationship between cable lines and load capacity in a winch?
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What common factor does not affect the calculation of Mechanical Advantage in a machine?
What common factor does not affect the calculation of Mechanical Advantage in a machine?
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If a 1t working load limit winch is used with 2 lines of cable, what is the maximum tow weight?
If a 1t working load limit winch is used with 2 lines of cable, what is the maximum tow weight?
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Which characteristic defines simple machines in terms of work done?
Which characteristic defines simple machines in terms of work done?
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What is the effect of friction in more complicated machines?
What is the effect of friction in more complicated machines?
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What is primarily assessed during basic crack detection for general lifting equipment?
What is primarily assessed during basic crack detection for general lifting equipment?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of using dye penetrant crack detection?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using dye penetrant crack detection?
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What is the primary advantage of using Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) over dye penetrant tests?
What is the primary advantage of using Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) over dye penetrant tests?
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Which of the following methods is best suited for detecting tiny flaws in high-value items?
Which of the following methods is best suited for detecting tiny flaws in high-value items?
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Which technique involves magnetizing the specimen to detect surface cracks?
Which technique involves magnetizing the specimen to detect surface cracks?
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What aspect makes eddy current testing more expensive than basic crack detection methods?
What aspect makes eddy current testing more expensive than basic crack detection methods?
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What type of flaws can Eddy Current testing detect?
What type of flaws can Eddy Current testing detect?
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Why is training important for operatives performing detailed crack detection examinations?
Why is training important for operatives performing detailed crack detection examinations?
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Study Notes
Foundation Certificate (FOU) (Global) Workbook
- This course provides essential knowledge required for Diploma qualifications
- Access to LEEA's Diploma qualifications requires completion of this Foundation Certificate
- Covers legislation, regulations, standards, and best practices relating to lifting equipment
- Includes definitions, controlling risks, materials science, units of measure, basic machines, manufacturing verification, rating of lifting equipment, and types of lifting equipment
- Students will be able to outline the legislative requirements of the lifting equipment industry and choose appropriate standards and best practices for specific lifting equipment use
- Students will be able to identify different lifting equipment, describe materials and methods of manufacture, and how manufacturers verify equipment and all patent defects
- Employers have a moral responsibility to ensure appropriate working conditions are provided
- Consequences of failing to adequately manage health and safety, for an employer, can include: unsafe working conditions impacting production, loss of output, lowering of morale and motivation, Loss of sales and profitability, negative PR, and potential financial costs (fines, damages, legal costs, and insurance)
- National legislative requirements concerning lifting equipment exist worldwide
- Health and Safety at Work Act is the UK's primary piece of legislation concerning health and safety in the working environment
- The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is the primary health and safety legislation in the USA
- Common elements of legislation concerning lifting equipment are found worldwide
- Standards are published specifications for common language and contain criteria for consistency, reliability, and effectiveness (e.g., ISO, BSI, ASME)
- ACoPs (Approved Codes of Practice) provide detail for meeting legal requirements
- ACoPs are issued by relevant authorities with government minister consent and stakeholder consultations.
- Codes of practice, LEEA COPSULE, and best practices all explain how professionals should behave and/or work
- Operation in a safe environment with maintained and tested equipment is essential
Industry Relevant Definitions
- Duty Holder: the person responsible for lifting equipment ownership and use (most often the employer or self-employed person)
- Competent Person: a person with necessary knowledge, experience, training, skills, and ability to do a specific duty, who may delegate such duties to others, but is still ultimately responsible
Standards
- ISO standards are international standards used globally
- BSI standards are British national standards
- ASME are American standards
Codes of Practice
- Codes of Practice are a set of written rules that explain expected behavior for a specific industry or profession
- Standards are designed for voluntary use, without legislative requirements, but compliance carries a quasi-legal status
Common Elements of Legislation
- Legal frameworks establish a broad system of rules governing lifting equipment across industries
- Different countries have unique legislative requirements related to lifting equipment
Competency
- Competency is expected in knowledge, experience, training, skills, and ability to work safely.
Factor of Safety (FOS)
- FOS is redundancy in equipment strength which allows for accidental overload and deterioration
Inspection
- Pre-use inspection: Personnel visually check equipment for defects before use
- Interim inspection: Risk assessment determines frequency and focus for components likely to fail
- Thorough examination: Specialized competency inspection evaluates overall operational fitness of the equipment
Lifting Equipment
- Lifting equipment describes all types of lifting accessories and appliances including lifting accessories ('lifting gear') and lifting appliances ('lifting devices or machines)
Manufacturers' Certificate
- Manufacturers' certificate, record of test, or statement of conformity is a document confirming the verification that manufacturing tests and necessary product verifications have been carried out
- Essential to verify the maximum load
Industry Relevant Definitions
- Minimum Breaking (or Failure) Load: The force (or mass) capable of damaging the equipment
- Multipurpose Equipment: A machine used for several different purposes
- Operative: A trained personnel using a piece of equipment
- Rated Capacity: The maximum lift weight of a machine.
- Proof or Test Load: The load (force or mass) applied in a test.
- Single-Purpose Equipment: A machine intended for one task or purpose
- Report of Test: A reported document created by the competent personnel who conducted the test.
Risk Assessment
- Assess human harm, legal effects (duty of care), and economic loss to identify crucial risk factors.
Probability and Severity
- Probability examines likeliness of harm from hazards.
- Severity examines the consequences' severity, should a hazard manifest.
Basic Machines
- Machines use an applied force at one point to transmit force to another point to obtain a mechanical advantage, for a specific purpose
- Simple machines (e.g., lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedges, screws)
- Compound machines combine simple machines for complex work
Weight and Force
- Force equals force times distance
- Turning moment equals force times distance from the turning point
Mechanical Advantage (MA) and Velocity Ratio (VR)
- Machines use effort to perform work at a greater (mechanical) advantage
- Velocity ratio is the ratio between distance moved by effort and distance moved by load
- Calculating mechanical advantage: Load/Effort
- Calculating velocity ratio: Distance effort moves/Distance load moves
- Efficiency: (MA/VR) * 100%
Polymers and Natural Fibres
- Natural polymers: Shellac, wool, silk, natural rubber, cellulose
- Synthetic polymers: Synthetic rubber, resin, nylon, PVC, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, high modulus polyethylene
Natural Fibres
- General purpose slings constructed from natural fibres, through processes resembling rope-making
Heat Treatment
- Increasing or decreasing material strength
- Refining the grain structure of a material, to soften or harden the final product
Stress and Strain
- Stress is internal force experienced from force across a cross-sectional area
- Strain is change in shape from applying force
Tensile Test
- Tensile test examines material properties under tension
- Important properties of materials are determined through load testing
Shear, Tension, and Compression
- Single shear: forces across a material (e.g., a lifting lug)
- Double shear: forces across a material in two areas (e.g., a shackle pin)
- Compression: a pushing force (e.g., jack body)
- Tension: a pulling force (e.g., chain sling)
- Torsion: a twisting force (e.g., a rotating gearbox)
Units of Measure
- Standardised quantities of physical properties used to determine measurements
- Common SI units: weight, length, mass, and force
- Common units in relation to lifting: Tonnes, kilograms, pounds
Symbols and Conversions
- Common abbreviations or symbols for units of measurement, and numerical conversions
Types of Verification
- Common verification tests (e.g., dimensional, light load, working load limit deflection, breaking load, hardness, electromagnetic wire rope examinations)
Test Machines and Force/Load Measuring Equipment
- Accuracy of test machines for the application of a load
- Safety of the equipment, or testing equipment
Dimensional Measuring Equipment
- Proper calibration must be maintained
- Correct measurement units are necessary
Crack Detection
- Methods of detecting cracks and imperfections in equipment
Terminal Fittings
- Shackles, master links, hooks, C-hooks
- Essential components, for connecting and lifting loads in various forms.
- Multiple forms of terminals available.
Eye Terminations
- Different forms of securing eyes for lifting apparatuses
Wire Rope Slings
- Construction and use. Identifying components. Different types of wire rope and slings
Chain Slings
- Durability and composition of materials to make chain slings
- Assembly of links and necessary procedures to produce a proper quality chain sling
- Safety of different forms of slings in different applications.
- Calibration, and procedures to assemble chain slings
Textile Slings
- Types of slings developed and used by several manufacturers
- Common terminology for different types of slings available
- Methods for identifying textile slings
Mobile Cranes
- Various mobile crane types
- Main use of cranes and where different types of cranes are needed.
Tower Cranes
- General use in construction sites
Offshore Pedestal Cranes
- Lifting apparatuses used for offshore transportation of personnel and materials.
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