Untitled Quiz

The nervous system is responsible for coordinating bodily functions, processing sensory information, and enabling communication between different body parts. It facilitates communication between the brain and the body, impacting emotions, cognition, and behavior.

A neuron is the specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system.

<p>The axon is a fiber attached to the soma, and its responsibility is to carry messages out to other cells. It plays a crucial role in communication between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon terminals are the endpoint of an axon, specialized for communication between cells. They release neurotransmitters into the synapse, transmitting signals to the next neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites = receive signals from other neuron cells Cell body = contains the cell nucleus Nucleus = contains the genetic material (chromosomes) of the neuron cell Axon = conducts electrical impulses along the neuron cell Myelin sheath = insulates the axon to help protect the neuron cell &amp; speed up transmission of electrical impulses Axon terminal = transmits electrical &amp; chemical signals to other neurons &amp; effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit messages between neurons by crossing the synaptic gap and binding to specific receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, anxiety, appetite, and pain. Imbalances in Serotonin levels can lead to conditions such as seasonal affective disorder, anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine plays a role in the brain's reward system, which includes feeling pleasure, achieving heightened arousal, and learning. Dopamine is also involved in functions like focus, concentration, memory, sleep, mood, and motivation. Imbalances in Dopamine levels can contribute to conditions such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, restless legs syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a neurotransmitter that is released during the &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; response to fear and stress. Epinephrine is crucial for stimulating your body's response to danger. It increases heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood flow to the muscles to provide a burst of energy and alertness. Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis, asthma attacks, cardiac arrest, and severe infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter that increases blood pressure and heart rate. It is primarily known for its effects on alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus. Many medications aim to increase norepinephrine levels to improve focus, concentration, and treat ADHD or depression symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endorphins are your body's natural pain relievers. They play a role in our perception of pain, and their release reduces pain. Endorphins also trigger feelings of euphoria and well-being and may play a role in fibromyalgia and some types of headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) carry sensory messages from the senses to the spinal cord. Efferent neurons (motor neurons) carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reflex arc occurs when a sensory stimulus triggers a rapid response without needing to be processed by the brain. It happens when an afferent neuron sends a signal from the senses to the spinal cord, where an interneuron processes the signal. That signal is then passed along the efferent neuron to the muscles to rapidly produce a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; responses to stress, increasing heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, and preparing the body for action. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes &quot;rest and digest&quot; functions, helping the body conserve energy and relax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates biological rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle, and influences seasonal behaviors (like breeding and molting) in some animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thyroid gland produces hormones, including thyroxin, that regulate growth and metabolism, playing a critical role in body and brain development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas controls blood sugar levels by secreting insulin and glucagon. Imbalances can lead to diabetes (too little insulin) or hypoglycemia (too much insulin), affecting hunger and weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney and are comprised of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress, aiding sympathetic arousal. The adrenal cortex produces over 30 hormones that regulate salt intake, stress reactions, and provide sex hormones. Cortisol is released during stressful events, providing energy by releasing glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Alarm stage, the body's immediate reaction to a stressor activates the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal glands release hormones, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, resulting in a burst of energy. Common reactions include fever, nausea, and headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Resistance stage, the body enters a state of sustained stress, maintaining sympathetic activity and the release of stress hormones. Early alarm symptoms subside, and individuals may feel better temporarily. The resistance stage continues until the stressor is removed or resources are depleted. Stress hormones such as norepinephrine may reduce pain sensitivity leading to temporary analgesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Exhaustion stage, the body's resources are depleted, and it enters a state of exhaustion due to prolonged exposure to stress. This can lead to stress-related diseases (e.g., high blood pressure, weakened immune system) or even death without external help. After the stressor ends, the parasympathetic division activates to help replenish resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stability through change in response to perceived and anticipated demands. It is the body's way of adapting to stress by making dynamic adjustments to maintain a stable internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allostatic load is the wear and tear on the body and brain that occurs when stress is prolonged. It is the build-up of stress hormones and the constant activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can lead to health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gyri are the raised bumps on the surface of the brain, while sulci are the grooves or furrows that exist between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The corpus callosum is a thick band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and share information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is responsible for higher-level cognitive processes, decision-making, problem-solving, and regulating emotions. It also plays a role in planning, organizing tasks, controlling voluntary movements, and producing speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action. They are thought to be involved in imitation, empathy, social learning, and motor planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parietal lobe is located at the top and back of the brain. It is responsible for processing sensory information, particularly touch, temperature, and body position. This lobe also plays a role in spatial awareness, navigation, visual attention, and integrating sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temporal lobe, located on the side of the brain, is responsible for processing auditory information, including speech comprehension. It also plays a role in memory, language processing, and recognizing faces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The occipital lobe is located at the back of the brain, and it is responsible for processing visual information. It contains the primary visual cortex, which processes visual input from the eyes, and the visual association cortex, which helps us make sense of what we are seeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main divisions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hindbrain includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The midbrain is responsible for relaying information between the hindbrain and forebrain. It also plays a role in regulating movement, auditory processing, and visual processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The forebrain includes the cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The medulla controls the automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. It also is involved in reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. The medulla is vital for controlling life-sustaining functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pons serves to connect the hindbrain to the rest of the brain. It also assists in coordinating left-right body movements and regulating brain activity during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that is responsible for regulating arousal, alertness, attention, and sleep-wake cycles. It helps us focus our attention and ignore unimportant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movements, balance, and motor skills. It receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in the ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thalamus acts as a relay station, transmitting sensory information from the sensory organs to the cerebral cortex. All senses except smell pass through the thalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, sexual activity, and emotions. It is essential for maintaining the body's internal balance and responses to the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hippocampus is crucial for forming long-term memories, particularly declarative memories, which are memories of facts and events. It is also involved in spatial navigation and memory consolidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety; it plays a key role in emotional learning and memory. It also helps to regulate responses to threats and danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cingulate cortex is involved in regulating emotions, cognitive processes, and autonomic functions. It plays a role in attention, decision-making, and regulating our response to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduction is the process of converting sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, or pressure, into electrical signals that the brain can interpret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that detect specific forms of energy from the environment. They convert these stimuli into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain for processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual input = Sight Gustatory input = Taste Tactile input = Touch Hearing input = Auditory Olfactory input = Smell Vestibular input = Balance Proprioceptive input = Movement Interoceptive input = Internal state</p> Signup and view all the answers