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Questions and Answers
What is a four-part suite?
What is a four-part suite?
What are the components of a four-part suite?
What are the components of a four-part suite?
Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue
The _dance is known for its slow tempo and flowing movement.
The _dance is known for its slow tempo and flowing movement.
Allemande
What is the defining characteristic of the courante dance?
What is the defining characteristic of the courante dance?
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What type of meter does a sarabande dance typically use?
What type of meter does a sarabande dance typically use?
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What does the gigue dance involve?
What does the gigue dance involve?
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Ballet d'ecole refers to a form of dance that does not require training.
Ballet d'ecole refers to a form of dance that does not require training.
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What is a defining feature of pastoral ballet?
What is a defining feature of pastoral ballet?
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What was the significance of Mlle La Fontaine in dance history?
What was the significance of Mlle La Fontaine in dance history?
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The _ballet refers to the court ballet that integrates singing and instrumental music.
The _ballet refers to the court ballet that integrates singing and instrumental music.
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Who is known for establishing the five positions of the feet in ballet?
Who is known for establishing the five positions of the feet in ballet?
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Jean Baptiste Lully was a dancer and composer.
Jean Baptiste Lully was a dancer and composer.
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What did Thoinet Arbeau contribute to dance?
What did Thoinet Arbeau contribute to dance?
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Match the following ballet terms with their definitions:
Match the following ballet terms with their definitions:
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What is the significance of 'Coppelia'?
What is the significance of 'Coppelia'?
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Who is considered the 'Father of the Minstrel Show'?
Who is considered the 'Father of the Minstrel Show'?
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Variety shows emerged before the Civil War.
Variety shows emerged before the Civil War.
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What elements contributed to the success of 'The Black Crook'?
What elements contributed to the success of 'The Black Crook'?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Who was William Henry Lane?
Who was William Henry Lane?
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What are opera-ballets characterized by?
What are opera-ballets characterized by?
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What major event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
What major event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
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Who was the best-known French composer of the opera-ballet in the first part of the 18th century?
Who was the best-known French composer of the opera-ballet in the first part of the 18th century?
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What was the primary characteristic of a minuet?
What was the primary characteristic of a minuet?
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What does the term 'rococo' refer to in relation to its artistic characteristics?
What does the term 'rococo' refer to in relation to its artistic characteristics?
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What is 'Choregraphie' known for?
What is 'Choregraphie' known for?
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Who wrote 'Lettres sur la danse et sur les ballet'?
Who wrote 'Lettres sur la danse et sur les ballet'?
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What is significant about 'La Fille Mal Gardee'?
What is significant about 'La Fille Mal Gardee'?
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What changes did Marie Camargo introduce in her performances?
What changes did Marie Camargo introduce in her performances?
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What is Jean Dauberval best known for?
What is Jean Dauberval best known for?
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What did Pierre Rameau contribute to dance instruction?
What did Pierre Rameau contribute to dance instruction?
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What innovative costume did Marie Salle wear during her performance?
What innovative costume did Marie Salle wear during her performance?
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What was Auguste Vestris known for in the ballet world?
What was Auguste Vestris known for in the ballet world?
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What defines Romantic Ballet?
What defines Romantic Ballet?
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What are the five aspects of Romanticism?
What are the five aspects of Romanticism?
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The waltz was considered scandalous because it involved couples in close ______.
The waltz was considered scandalous because it involved couples in close ______.
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When did 'Giselle' premiere?
When did 'Giselle' premiere?
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What was the purpose of the ballet 'Pas de Quatre'?
What was the purpose of the ballet 'Pas de Quatre'?
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What is La Sylphide?
What is La Sylphide?
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Who choreographed La Sylphide?
Who choreographed La Sylphide?
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What is the main theme of the ballet La Sylphide?
What is the main theme of the ballet La Sylphide?
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Who is Carlo Blasis?
Who is Carlo Blasis?
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What notable contribution did August Bournonville make to ballet?
What notable contribution did August Bournonville make to ballet?
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Who was Fanny Elssler?
Who was Fanny Elssler?
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Which ballet is Lucile Grahn most known for?
Which ballet is Lucile Grahn most known for?
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What role did Carlotta Grisi play in ballet history?
What role did Carlotta Grisi play in ballet history?
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Who was Jules Perrot?
Who was Jules Perrot?
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What dance style did Filippo Taglioni popularize?
What dance style did Filippo Taglioni popularize?
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What was Marie Taglioni known for?
What was Marie Taglioni known for?
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What is Coppelia known as?
What is Coppelia known as?
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Who composed music for The Nutcracker?
Who composed music for The Nutcracker?
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What is The Sleeping Beauty based on?
What is The Sleeping Beauty based on?
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Who was Lev Ivanov?
Who was Lev Ivanov?
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What is Pierina Legnani most famous for?
What is Pierina Legnani most famous for?
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What is Marius Petipa remembered for?
What is Marius Petipa remembered for?
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What was Arthur Saint-Leon's contribution to ballet?
What was Arthur Saint-Leon's contribution to ballet?
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Study Notes
Four-part suite
- Originated around 1620, primarily for couples.
- Consists of allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue.
- Replaced the two-part suite and contributed to ballet vocabulary in France.
Allemande
- Couple dance in 4/4 time with a sentimental quality.
- Featured signature spinning move under each other's arms.
- Became popular at court from mid-1500s to mid-1700s.
- Involves conversation intervals, slow tempo, and graceful movements.
Courante
- Name derived from French word for "run" and characterized by quick, lively rhythms.
- Typically performed in ¾ time with running steps and light movements.
- Originated in Italy, popular in France from 1550 to 1750.
- A classical court dance featuring serious and noble themes.
Sarabande
- Calm, majestic dance in triple meter, often processional.
- Originated as a solo Spanish dance, later adapted in France as a duet.
- Popular at court during the 17th century, often involving multiple couples.
Gigue
- Lively dance with fast footwork, written in 6/8 or 6/4 time.
- Featured in both noble and peasant social circles in the 16th and 17th centuries.
- Known for stamping and rapid movement, reflecting joyfulness and energy.
Ballet d'ecole
- Classical ballet that demands formal training and a specific vocabulary.
- Evolved from the sophistication of court ballets into a professional discipline.
- Associated with prominent ballet institutions established in France.
Pastoral
- Portrayed rustic characters such as shepherds and nymphs.
- Often performed as interludes in larger entertainments, emphasizing rural themes.
Equestrian ballet
- Flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries, influenced by tournaments and spectacles.
- Typically performed outdoors, featuring coordinated horse movements that formed designs.
Masque
- A blend of drama and dance, popular in France, Italy, and England.
- Highlighted allegorical themes, integrating music and performance art.
- Involves varied participant numbers, blending amateur dancers with professionals.
Anti-masque
- A comedic prelude to the masque, featuring characters like fools and satyrs.
- Introduced lightheartedness and satire to lavish court performances.
Baroque
- An artistic style marked by ornate detail and dramatic expression.
The Sun King
- Nickname for Louis XIV, a significant patron of dance and the arts.
- Ruled for nearly 70 years, establishing ballet as a prestigious art form.
- The creation of Versailles symbolized royal power, influencing dance hierarchies.
Turnout
- The outward rotation of the legs, crucial for ballet technique.
- Enhanced dancers' ability to move freely and gracefully on stage.
Le Ballet Comique de la Reine
- Recognized as the first ballet in Europe, performed in 1581.
- Featured original music and elaborate staging, focusing on the legend of Circe.
- Set the precedent for theatrical spectacles merging dance, drama, and music.
Orchesographie
- A dynamic instructional dance manual published in 1588 by Thoinet Arbeau.
- Served as a conversation between an instructor and student, detailing dance etiquette and notation.
Thoinet Arbeau
- Real name Jehan Tabourot, authored Orchesographie, promoting French dance.
- His work played a crucial role in establishing ballet's dominance over Italian styles.
Jean Balon
- Renowned dancer known for his light, suspended jumps; associated with the term "ballon."
- Worked in the Paris Opera and made an impact in ballet terminology.
Pierre Beauchamps
- Defined the foundational five positions of the feet in ballet.
- Influential court dancer and ballet notation developer during Louis XIV’s reign.
Catherine de'Medici
- Italian queen who relocated to France, bringing Italian ballet traditions.
- Contributed to the ballet de cour, intertwining dance with political spectacle.
Indigo Jones
- Collaborated with Ben Johnson; an architect known for scenic design in masques.
- His contributions enriched theatrical visual storytelling.
Mlle La Fontaine
- First female professional dancer, celebrated for her performance in Le Triomphe de L'Amour.
- Her participation marked a significant shift in ballet, bringing women to the forefront.
Louis XIII of France
- A passionate dancer and composer, influenced the evolution of court ballet.
- His performances paved the way for Louis XIV’s more elaborate ballet productions.
Jean Baptiste Lully
- Key figure in developing ballet as a centralized art form emphasizing thematic unity.
- Contributed to the Academie Royale de la Musique, shaping professional ballet conventions.
Ballet d'action
- Introduced by Noverre, focusing on narrative conveyed through dance and gestures.
- Aimed to distance ballet from opera, enhancing its independence as an art form.
Opera-ballet
- An entertainment format blending opera, dance, and thematic acts.
- Jean-Philippe Rameau's works symbolize the peak of this genre in the 18th century.
French Revolution
- Triggered by social inequalities linked to lavish royal expenditures and governance failures.
- Resulted in significant societal shifts via events like the taking of the Bastille in 1789.
Paris Opera
- Established by Lully, became a central hub for dance development in the 18th century.
- Operating under monarchical control, facilitated the fusion of dance and dramatic arts.
Minuet
- A formal dance representing French aristocracy in the 18th century, embodying a refined social standing.
- Lost popularity by the late 18th century amidst shifting political sentiments.### Rococo
- Lasted for 60 years, characterized by luxury, frivolity, and sensuality.
- Shifted away from religious and secular themes of the Baroque period to focus on refinement and elegance.
- Emphasized mythological tales and courtly love, commonly featuring shells, cherubs, and feminine garlands.
- Reflected the lifestyle of the aristocracy, particularly influenced by women in French society.
Choregraphi
- Written by Raoul Auger Feuillet in the early 1700s as a self-instruction manual for dance.
- Documented floor patterns, steps, and accompanying music of the dances of the time through diagrams.
- Went through numerous editions and translations, showing its lasting significance.
Lettres sur la danse et sur les ballets
- Authored by Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.
- Proposed that ballet should be recognized as a deeply expressive art form.
La Fille Man Gardee
- A two-act comic ballet pantomime, first staged in 1789, showcasing ordinary rural life.
- Gained popularity in London, Paris, and New York throughout the 1820s.
- Focused on a love story between Lise and Colin, opposing her mother’s wish for her to marry Alain.
Marie Camargo
- Renowned dancer known for her quick style and intricate footwork.
- Shortened her skirts for visibility of her performance techniques and switched to flat slippers from high heels.
- Popular in French courts and known for her influence on fashion, notably her hairstyles and footwear.
Jean Dauberval
- Pupil of Noverre, recognized for incorporating natural characters in ballet.
- Noteworthy for choreographing La Fille Mal Gardee and influenced the evolution of ballet.
Raoul Auger Feuillet
- Credited with early dance notation techniques initially established by Beauchamps.
- Authored Choreographie, ou l'art d'écrire la danse, enhancing the documentation of dance.
Pierre Gardel
- Became chief ballet master at the Paris Opera for 40 years after starting as a soloist.
- A respected teacher who influenced future generations, including Carlo Blasis.
Jean George Noverre
- Pioneer in ballet, emphasized movement and expression over rigid traditional forms.
- Produced Medee et Jason, employing dramatic action through dance and pantomime.
Francoise Prevost
- Dancer with a long career, characterized by her versatility and dramatic skills.
- Educated future ballerinas, including Marie Salle and Marie Camargo, leaving a lasting legacy.
Pierre Rameau
- Developed a comprehensive dance instruction system in the early 18th century.
- Authored The Dancing Master which focused on social dancing guidance and technical foundational principles.
Marie Salle
- An influential dancer known for her expressive style and contributions to costume design.
- Advocated for simplicity in ballet attire, challenging traditional norms of the era.
Auguste Vestris
- Achieved prominence as a premier danseur by 21, upheld the traditions of the danseur noble for new generations.
John Weaver
- Known as the "Father of English Pantomime," he created a dramatic dance style emphasizing storytelling without traditional dialogue.
Romantic Ballet
- Marked a shift to female-led narratives, with male dancers relegated to supporting roles.
- Featured ethereal themes and celebrated female dancers as central figures.
Romanticism
- Originated as a movement against the rationalism of the 18th century, emphasizing emotion and individuality.
- Highlighted themes of heroism, nationalism, and local folklore.
Waltz
- Deriving from German folk dances, the waltz introduced close embrace and revolutionized dance customs.
- Initially controversial but gained vast popularity across Europe.
Giselle
- Premiered in 1841, Giselle is a seminal romantic ballet exploring themes of love and betrayal.
- A blend of love triangle and supernatural elements, establishing a classic narrative in ballet.
Pas de Quatre
- Created in 1845, featuring four leading ballerinas of the romantic era in a plotless ballet showcasing their talents.
La Sylphide
- Premiered as a cornerstone of romantic ballet, centered around a Scottish farmer and his love for a sylph.
- Explore themes of unrequited love and loss, defining characteristics of the romantic era.
Carlo Blasis
- Influential teacher and theorist instrumental in developing ballet techniques and classifications of dancers.
- Founded a pedagogical framework that shaped 19th-century ballet aesthetics.
August Bournonville
- Danish choreographer who integrated the French dance style into his work at the Royal Danish Ballet.
- His ballets, deeply rooted in tradition, helped sustain ballet in Denmark during its decline in Europe.
Fanny Elssler
- A prominent Viennese ballerina celebrated for her vibrant performances and technical prowess.
- Became a fashion icon and was known for her fiery character roles, contrasting conventional romantic portrayals.### Lucile Grahn
- Danish dancer known for her role in Bournonville's La Sylphide.
- Studied under August Bournonville and excelled in sylph roles.
- Joined Paris Opera in 1839, danced for three years before returning to Europe.
- Performed in the Pas de Quatre in London and retired in Germany in 1856.
- Served as a ballet mistress in Leipzig and Munich, earning the title "Danish Taglioni."
Carlotta Grisi
- Italian dancer, joined La Scala ballet in 1829 and became a prominent romantic ballerina.
- First Giselle, with the scenario written specifically for her by Theophile Gautier.
- Danced across major European capitals; known for her supple and strong dancing style.
- Retired in 1853, credited as the first ballerina to wear blocked slippers en pointe.
Jules Perrot
- French dancer and influence in ballet, studied under Auguste Vestris.
- Became a renowned soloist in London and partnered with Taglioni at the Paris Opera.
- Developed ballets showcasing dramatic plots, famously choreographed Giselle alongside Grisi.
- Ballet master from 1848 to 1858 in Russia, collaborated with Marius Petipa.
- Created Pas de Quatre, highlighting leading ballerinas of the era.
Filippo Taglioni
- Italian dancer and ballet master, known for choreographing for his daughter, Marie Taglioni.
- Developed a new dance style characterized by lightness and elevation.
- Known for demanding rehearsal techniques that often exhausted performers.
Marie Taglioni
- Symbol of Romanticism in ballet, debuted at 12 under her father's guidance.
- Famous for her ethereal style, particularly in La Sylphide.
- Enhanced ballet with the use of pointe shoes, creating the illusion of weightlessness.
- Enjoyed royal accolades and retired in 1847 after performing in Pas de Quatre.
Coppelia
- Choreographed by Arthur Saint-Leon, debuted in 1870 at the Paris Opera.
- Narrative centers on Dr. Coppelius and his doll Coppelia, leading to a wedding celebration for the main couple.
- Represents elements of both the romantic era and classical ballet.
The Nutcracker
- A two-act ballet originally created by Petipa, choreographed by Ivanov with Tchaikovsky's music.
- Follows Clara's dream journey after receiving a nutcracker doll at a Christmas party.
- Features the enchanting Land of Sweets and the Sugar Plum Fairy's grand pas de deux.
The Sleeping Beauty
- Choreographed by Marius Petipa based on Perrault's fairy tale.
- Premiere at the Maryinsky Theatre in 1890, featuring rich choreography and character dances.
- Regarded as a high point of 19th-century czarist culture.
Lev Ivanov
- Russian choreographer known for sensitive artistry and poetic style.
- Joined the Maryinsky Theatre in 1850, marked by admired character dancing.
- Choreographed key works, including The Nutcracker; noted for his contribution to Swan Lake.
Pierina Legnani
- Renowned ballerina from Milan, known for creating the dual role of Odette/Odile.
- Famous for executing 32 fouettés en tournant in various performances.
- Influenced Russian ballet standards, serving as prima ballerina assoluta.
Marius Petipa
- Renowned French choreographer and ballet master in Russia.
- Created over 50 ballets, collaborating closely with Tchaikovsky.
- His ballets integrated lavish spectacle, character dances, and detailed choreography.
Arthur Saint-Leon
- Acclaimed dancer and choreographer, known for his exceptional elevation.
- Ballet master who developed a notation system; choreographed Coppelia in 1870.
- Contributed to national dance elements in his ballet works.
Minstrel Shows
- Emerged in early 19th century America, evolving from folk music.
- Characterized by performances featuring music, dance, and humor.
- Satirical in nature, incorporating various dance forms and instrumentation.
Variety Show
- An extension of entertainment from saloons, appealing to male audiences post-Civil War.
- Provided a platform for women and showcased legs in an entertaining context.
Vaudeville
- Originated through Tony Pastor's efforts to clean up variety shows for family audiences.
- Included male skits and various forms of dance, featuring European ballerinas prominently.
The Black Crook
- Opened in New York in 1866, combining melodrama and ballet.
- Became a landmark production with global popularity due to its provocative nature.
- Marked a significant moment in musical theater history through franchising.
William Henry Lane (Juba)
- Known as Master Juba, an influential performer credited with tap dance elements.
- Gained acclaim for integrating African dance styles and innovations in rhythm.
- Performed before significant audiences, including Queen Victoria, breaking racial barriers.
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