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Questions and Answers
What should you do for a 26M with traumatic injuries, Hb 65, and unknown blood type?
What should you do for a 26M with traumatic injuries, Hb 65, and unknown blood type?
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn occurs when?
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn occurs when?
Antibodies present in HDN are?
Antibodies present in HDN are?
Which is correct regarding the direct and indirect Coombs test?
Which is correct regarding the direct and indirect Coombs test?
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What is the most likely cause of pernicious anaemia?
What is the most likely cause of pernicious anaemia?
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Which is not a cause of microcytic anaemia?
Which is not a cause of microcytic anaemia?
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Which is not a cause of macrocytic anaemia?
Which is not a cause of macrocytic anaemia?
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Which of the following statements is false?
Which of the following statements is false?
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Which pair is correct regarding the absorption sites of vitamins and minerals?
Which pair is correct regarding the absorption sites of vitamins and minerals?
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Which condition is indicated by a patient with Crohn's presenting with fatigue and lower limb weakness?
Which condition is indicated by a patient with Crohn's presenting with fatigue and lower limb weakness?
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Which is not a symptom of iron deficiency anemia?
Which is not a symptom of iron deficiency anemia?
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Which is false in relation to thalassaemia?
Which is false in relation to thalassaemia?
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Which drug needs monitoring of INR?
Which drug needs monitoring of INR?
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What is the most likely cause if a patient’s APTT corrects after a mixing study?
What is the most likely cause if a patient’s APTT corrects after a mixing study?
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Which is the correct sequence of events leading to blood clotting?
Which is the correct sequence of events leading to blood clotting?
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Which of the following is involved in breaking down a clot?
Which of the following is involved in breaking down a clot?
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What is the MOA of clopidogrel?
What is the MOA of clopidogrel?
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A decreased prothrombin time could be because of a deficiency of:
A decreased prothrombin time could be because of a deficiency of:
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Which anticoagulant is most suitable for a 24-year-old woman trying to get pregnant?
Which anticoagulant is most suitable for a 24-year-old woman trying to get pregnant?
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Which suggests a coagulation disorder rather than a platelet disorder?
Which suggests a coagulation disorder rather than a platelet disorder?
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Which should be started with a parenteral anticoagulant?
Which should be started with a parenteral anticoagulant?
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Which of the following is associated with Auer rods?
Which of the following is associated with Auer rods?
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Which of the following is most commonly seen in young children?
Which of the following is most commonly seen in young children?
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How should you treat a patient with CML?
How should you treat a patient with CML?
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Which of the following is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
Which of the following is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
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What chromosomes are involved in the Philadelphia translocation?
What chromosomes are involved in the Philadelphia translocation?
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Blast crisis in CML is defined as?
Blast crisis in CML is defined as?
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Which of the following is a favorable prognostic factor for ALL?
Which of the following is a favorable prognostic factor for ALL?
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Which of the following is associated with Reed Sternberg cells?
Which of the following is associated with Reed Sternberg cells?
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Which of the following drugs is not typically used to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Which of the following drugs is not typically used to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
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Pruritus after a hot shower is associated with?
Pruritus after a hot shower is associated with?
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Which of the following is not associated with a JAK2 mutation?
Which of the following is not associated with a JAK2 mutation?
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Which of the following is not a sign and symptom of multiple myeloma?
Which of the following is not a sign and symptom of multiple myeloma?
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Ineffective maturation of all cell lineages is characteristic of?
Ineffective maturation of all cell lineages is characteristic of?
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What is this cell type?
What is this cell type?
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What is this cell type?
What is this cell type?
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What is this cell type?
What is this cell type?
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Study Notes
Blood Typing
- Universal Red Blood Cell Donor: O-negative
- Universal Plasma Donor: AB-positive
- Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Occurs when a Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells, leading to the production of anti-Rh antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells.
- Antibodies in HDN: IgG antibodies are involved in HDN, as they can cross the placenta.
- Direct Coombs Test: Detects antibodies that have already attached to red blood cells. Useful for confirming hemolysis.
- Indirect Coombs Test: Detects free antibodies in the serum. Useful for pre-transfusion testing.
Anemia
- Pernicious Anemia: Caused by parietal cell dysfunction in the stomach, leading to a deficiency in intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Microcytic Anemia: Characterized by small red blood cells. Causes include iron deficiency, lead poisoning, and thalassemia.
- Macrocytic Anemia: Characterized by large red blood cells. Causes include vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, chronic alcohol use, and methotrexate.
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency: More insidious onset than folate deficiency. Can cause neurological complications and spina bifida if present in utero.
- Folate Deficiency: More common than B12 deficiency. Presents with megaloblastic anemia.
- Iron Deficiency Anemia: Can cause hair loss, koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails),pica (unusual cravings), and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue).
- Thalassaemia: Genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin synthesis. It is more common in Asian countries. Alpha thalassemia is generally less severe than beta thalassemia. Thalassaemia provides some protection against malaria.
Coagulation
- Anticoagulants: Warfarin is the only anticoagulant monitored by INR.
- APTT Mixing Study: If the APTT corrects after a mixing study, it suggests a coagulation factor deficiency rather than the presence of an inhibitor.
- Blood Clotting Sequence: The sequence is vascular spasm, platelet adhesion, activation, aggregation, coagulation, fibrinolysis.
- Fibrinolysis: Plasmin is involved in breaking down a clot (fibrinolysis).
- Clopidogrel: This drug inhibits ADP binding to the P2Y12 receptor on platelets.
- Prothrombin Time: A decreased prothrombin time can be caused by a deficiency in Factor VII.
- Anticoagulant in Pregnancy: Low molecular weight heparin is the most suitable anticoagulant for a woman trying to get pregnant.
- Bleeding into Joints: This suggests a coagulation disorder rather than a platelet disorder.
- Parenteral Anticoagulant: Dabigatran, Apixaban, and Rivaroxaban should be started with a parenteral anticoagulant.
Haem Malignancies
- Auer Rods: Are present in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
- Smudge Cells: Are present in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
- Childhood Leukemia: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is most common in young children.
- CML Treatment: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Imatinib) are the preferred treatment.
- ALL Treatment: Aggressive chemotherapy is standard treatment.
- Philadelphia Chromosome: Associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). It is a result of a translocation between chromosome 9 and 22. (Philadelphia translocation)
- Blast Crisis in CML: Defined as ≥ 20% blast cells in the bone marrow.
- Favourable Prognostic for ALL: A translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 (8:21).
- Reed-Sternberg Cells: Present in Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment: Bleomycin is not typically used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Polycythemia Vera: Causes pruritis after a hot shower.
- Essential Thrombocytosis: Causes thrombotic events and spontaneous abortion.
- Primary Myelofibrosis: Causes teardrop cells due to an ineffective maturation of all cell lineages.
- JAK2 Mutation: It is associated with Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocytosis, and Primary Myelofibrosis, but not with Multiple Myeloma.
- Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms include hypercalcemia, renal failure, impaired glucose tolerance, and anemia.
- Rouleaux Bodies: Present in Multiple Myeloma.
Other Questions
- Most Severe Malaria: Plasmodium falciparum is the most severe form of malaria.
- Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell with a multi-lobed nucleus and granules.
- Macrophage: A large phagocytic cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles.
- Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system.
- Monocyte: A large white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages.
- Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
- Basophil: A type of white blood cell that releases histamine and heparin.
- Megakaryocyte: A large bone marrow cell that fragments to produce platelets.
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