30 Questions
Which of the following is a treatment for hyponatremia?
Restrict fluid intake
What is the normal range for potassium (K+) concentration in the blood?
3.5-5.0 mmol/l
Which of the following can lead to hyperkalemia?
Renal failure
What are the clinical signs of hyponatremia?
Tachycardia and hypotension
Which of the following is a treatment for acute renal failure (ARF)?
Oral or IV potassium
What is the danger of rapid changes in potassium concentration in the blood?
Dangerous cardiac arrhythmias
What is the primary determinant of the resting potential of cells?
Potassium (K+)
Which of the following can cause hypokalemia?
Vomiting
What is the normal range for sodium (Na+) concentration in the blood?
135-150 mmol/l
Which of the following is a cause of hyponatremia?
Lack of aldosterone
Which of the following is true about urea and creatinine?
Urea is a breakdown product of protein that occurs in the liver, while creatinine is produced in muscles.
What happens to serum urea and creatinine if the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the kidney is reduced?
They increase
Which hormone causes reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts?
ADH (vasopressin)
Which hormone causes reabsorption of sodium in the nephron and, consequently, water?
Aldosterone
What is the major site of sodium loss in non-renal associated disease?
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the body?
135-145 mmol/l
What are the clinical signs of hypernatraemia (Na > 145mmol/l)?
Increased blood pressure, decreased urine output, and dry mucous membranes
What is the treatment for hypernatraemia?
Oral water
What are the clinical signs of hyponatraemia via water retention (Na < 135 mmol/l)?
Decreased blood pressure, increased urine output, and moist mucous membranes
What is the treatment for hyponatraemia via water retention?
Diuretic and restrict fluid + treat condition
True or false: Too much water reabsorbed by the kidney can lead to edema.
False
True or false: Hyponatremia is defined as a sodium level below 135 mmol/l.
True
True or false: Potassium concentration alterations can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias.
True
True or false: Hyperkalemia is defined as a potassium level above 4.9 mmol/l.
True
True or false: Acute renal failure can be characterized by anuria or oliguria.
True
True or false: Urea and electrolytes (‘U and Es’) are used to test a patient's fluid and electrolyte balance and renal function.
True
True or false: The kidney regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance.
True
True or false: Serum urea and creatinine increase if the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the kidney is reduced.
True
True or false: Sodium (Na) intake is balanced by loss mainly in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) in non-renal associated disease.
True
True or false: Hyponatremia can be caused by water retention and is treated with diuretics and fluid restriction.
True
Test your knowledge on urea and electrolytes (‘U and Es’) with this quiz. Learn about the role of sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, chloride, and bicarbonate in testing a patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance and renal function. Explore the kidney's functions in regulating extracellular fluid volume, electrolyte balance, excretion of waste products, and its secondary endocrine function. Challenge yourself with 20 questions on urea and creatinine, breakdown products of protein.
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