Types of Tourism and Tourist System

• Tourists travel and stay outside their usual environment for over 24 hours, but no more than a year, regardless of travel purpose.

Types of Tourism

• Domestic Tourism: Tourism within a tourist's own country.
• International Tourism: Tourism outside a tourist's own country.

Tourism System Components

• Tourist generating regions, tourist destination regions, and transit routes are key interconnected component
• Transit routes influence the volume and direction of travel between regions.
• Volume and direction of travel increases with more transit routes connecting generating and destination region
• More transit routes give tourists more transport options.
• More choice may shorten travel length, reduce travel time, or offer more convenient, direct routes.

Example Scenario

• For instance, a 40-year-old Singaporean executive flies from Singapore to Manchester to watch a football match
• The tourist is the executive, Singapore is the generating region, Manchester is the destination region, and air travel is the transit route.

Transit Routes' Influence

• Transit routes influence travel volume, the number of tourists travelling and direction.
• Inconvenient transit routes result in fewer tourists, as seen with few direct flights between Singapore and Brazil.
• Travel direction is the specific route taken; e.g., Singapore to New York can be direct or via Japan or Dubai.
• Tourist generating regions are the source of tourists, while destination regions attract tourists.
• Transit routes are the paths tourists use to reach destinations.

Push and Pull Factors

• Push factors at the generating regions and pull factors drive tourist movement from generating to destination regions.
• Push factors: Reasons tourists want to leave the generating regions linked to environmental factors
  • Include stressful work environments and unpleasant living conditions like overcrowding and pollution.
  • Lack of recreational and entertainment options.
• Pull factors: Qualities that attract tourists to destinations
  • Include scenic beauty, special events, and attractions/amenities offering positive experiences.
• Interplay of these factors influences decision to travel and is based on balancing push and pull
• For example, Singaporeans seek nature in places like Cameron Highlands for relaxation due to Singapore's hectic environment.

Interdependence in Tourism

• Tourists, businesses, and organizations in generating and destination regions are interdependent. -Businesses like hotels in destination regions rely on tourists, while tourists need accommodations from businesses.
• Tourists depend on tour agencies for bookings, while agencies rely on tourist revenue.
• Agencies benefit hotels by booking tourist reservations, benefiting hotels.
• Tourist organizations recommend businesses, like the British Hospitality Association (BHA).
• Accreditation from organizations like BHA helps tourists choose accommodations, benefiting businesses.
• Interdependence means each party needs and relies on the other exchanging goods or service for money.

Tourism and its Impact

• Tourism interacts with nature, communities, and economies in local environments.
• Nature interacts with businesses by buildings like lodgings built near natural attractions.
• Tourists needing additional services creates local opportunities as part of the tourism system with positive economic impact
• Arrival of tourists benefits the local economy by the interactions between nature, communities, and economies.
• For instance, tourists in Ha Long Bay interact with nature and local communities creating economic opportunity as limestone formations attract tourists.
• Community based tourism enables local participation.
• Tourists may experience local culture, enabling local employment and income growth.

Environmental Impact

• Tourists can reduce their footprint and avoid disturbing wildlife in locations such as Antarctica.
• Tourism raises awareness of fragile environments, funding conservation work.
• Degraded natural environments in tourist regions reduce tourist numbers and harm local livelihoods.
• Environmental degradation in places like Boracay can lead to island closures for waste management.
• Reduced incomes and livelihoods occur when tourism workers are impacted, but ecosystem restoration is possible.
• Economic downturns in generating regions reduce tourist travel and impact destination region incomes.

2009 Crisis Effect on Maldives

• During the 2009 global crisis, Maldives visitor arrivals dropped about 4%, revenue fell 8.3%.
• Maldives businesses and local sectors such as fisheries and construction suffered because of tourism downturn.

Motivations for Tourism Growth

• An increase in the motivation to travel also increases tourism
• Tourism can satisfy needs created by push and pull factors at generating and destination, respectively
• United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) data estimates international tourist arrivals rose from 25 million in 1950 to 1.5 billion in 2019.
• People have different travel aims, wanting relaxation and growth, leading to tourism growth

The Need for Relaxation

• People seeking relaxation due to hectic lifestyles contribute to tourism.
• For example, coastal relaxation in Phuket, Thailand, attracts vacationers from England.
• Theme parks like Universal Studios Singapore provide escapes different from daily life, easing stress.

Personal Growth and Fulfillment

• Rise of travel to pursue personal growth and self-fulfillment is also increasing
• More people traveling to develop new skills and also to seek spiritual
• Examples of searching for fulfillment include culinary schools springing up in Bali and spiritual retreats

Challenging Activities

• Travelers look for mountain climbing or sky diving to fulfill potential
• More tourists climbing Mount Everest, because people want to test themselves

Unique Experiences

• Unique travel experiences, where Travelers seek out unfamiliar places and differing cultures, are also in high demand
• Remote forests and glacial landscapes attract people, because of social media interest
• Travel is even easier through transport networks

Rise of Lesser-Known Destinations

• Travelers want less crowded places like Antarctica, where there is pristine nature
• Eco-tourism and sustainability is also inspiring more trips

Conditions that Increase Trip Potential

• Increased ability to travel increases tourism
• Travel driven by disposable income and leisure time, industry innovations, and lower transport costs

Disposable Income and its Effects

• There is an increased motivation to travel when you do not have to purely survive
• Luxury experiences like travel are prioritized
• Increased individual incomes over the years leads to opportunity to improve lives
• For example, 2019 saw 155 million travelers out of China, almost three times the levels of 2010 as incomes grew.
• Ability to travel is driven by business improvement, lower transport cost, lower accommodation cost

Leisure Time Impact

• People can get more vacation leave which leads to them having more leisure time due to paid leave and holidays
• People have free time because it is not restricted by a work, so they want to travel
• People take their vacations and want to relax
• People like this because it is often paid
• For example, the Chinese government asked employers in 2015 to encourage employers to provide workers time off to travel

Business Innovations and Tourism

• Growth is boosted by lower transport costs and lower accommodation costs
• Developments in traveling lead to lower costs from fuel-efficient modes of transportation
• Value for Money" experiences make it able to travel via Affordable Tours which increases the travel rate
• Now there are many personalized, value-for-money travel options
• Websites and apps connect the customer and the provider to allow for flexible options
• For example, websites like Expedia and Trivago allows consumers and value for many accommodation companies to directly book

Lower Transport Costs

• International tourism relies heavily on more affordable Air transportation, which causes it to increases it's value
• Aircraft models can take on more people like the auroras 380 which take twice as many as older models
• Larger capacity aircrafts provide economies of scale and lower travel costs
• Modern communications lowered traveling costs which lead to an upshot of tourism with more digital options for cheaper tourism travel websites

Mobility and Tourism

• Ability to move around easily and conveniently to Tourist destinations and countries.
• Many countries mobility in travel has increased via public transport

Expansion of Public Transport

• Airports, roads, and railways lead transport to become more efficient and developed inside countries and also between them
• Tourists can arrive quicker to places
• Opening more of Changi Airports terminal 4, there will be more flights to Asia from Singapore for more efficient and modern transport
• More public transport, bus, and train routes can transport an even wider birth of people across more locations.
• Tourists often have easier times traveling to an intended location because of public transport
• City infrastructure in certain tourist locations in Singapore has created a MRT line (mass rapid transform) making it easier than ever to sight-see

Evolving Destinations

• Destinations change over time through different stages
• Destinations change through a gradual of 6 different stages -Progress of key features for the number of tourism markets -Destinations are liked as new tourism, locations, investors (tour companies, tourists)

Popularity and Tourist Volume

• Popular destinations can decline overtime, losing market share in the industry
• Destination popularity regenerates by rejuvenating the area -Destinations follow common development plans

What are the general development stages for the tourism industry

• Tourist developments change over time resulting in a six stage trend

Touristic Transformation

• Tourist destinations tend to progress through six stages: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and either decline or rejuvenation.
• As a destination evolves, key features and tourist arrivals change
• Destinations can grow by rejuvenation if measures are enacted to rejuvenate
• Destinations do not linearly transition, some can skip several steps in development

Exploration and involvement stages

• Exploration stage has low numbers of tourists -Irregularity of visits
• Minimal tourist contribution
• Natural features and environment draws tourists in -Exemplified via lack of tourism facilities such as toilets -Exemplified by Jaco Island.

Involvement and Development Stages

• Increased tourism and publicity
• Varying of tourists depending on time of year
• Increased Tourist economy
• Increase for local goods and services
• Local facilities improving because of local government -Kuang Si falls exemplify this via providing carparks.

Development and Consolidation Stages

• Increase the rate of tourists when destination and industry improves; also foreign labor increases -workers drawn into tourism
• Numbers quickly increase. -Larger developments, man-made attractions, heavy advertisement, and recognition as a tourist destination are examples -Vietnam is an example that exemplifies this; like island destinations like Phu Quoc

Consolidation Stage

• Tourists outnumber the local population, and the tourism industry slows in annual growth rate overall -Tourism is at the forefront; numbers continue to increase and so does economic revenue, tourism infrastructure, local participation, and tourism amenities. -Goa in India exemplifies this with its unique culture.

Stagnation Stage

• Touristic carrying capacity has a maximum impact as an industry
• Because of this destinations can have negative impacts because of tourism, endangering the population

Decline and Rejuvenation stages

• Tourist amounts significantly if there are moves to support tourism
• The place may restore its image by having new improvements, new places, attractions, and general facilities to encourage more investment Rebranding could recover tourism

Personality Characteristics

• A spectrum and trait can influence what people may decide when traveling and destinations
• Dependables and Venture are the two personality traits for this theory
• Many tourists fall In between the two polar traits, as being a mix to cater to each side of tourist habits.
• People more accurately fit into near and more venture side tourists, but will also go in different direct traits. So traits and spectrum

Dependables vs Ventures

• Dependables like planned and familiar destinations with amenities -Prefer the mass tourism of predictable routines
• Venturers like less developed places for spontaneity -Prefer more spontaneous activities on their own and are willing to try and opt for niche or unusual tourism trips

Types of Tourist Influence

• Touristic traits can dictate patterns of tourists -Tourists may have preferences for destination types -For example venturing traits are more for unkempt locations in Mongolia
• Tourism and trait connections are known as dynamic because destinations and tourist actions are forever evolving