Types of Texts and Language Varieties
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following texts would be considered a common type of spoken language?

  • Advertising
  • Job e-mail
  • Articles on the internet
  • Conversation with friends (correct)

    • The genre perspective focuses solely on the situational context of a text variety.

    False

    What does the term 'register' refer to in the context of text varieties?

    It refers to the linguistic features typical of a text variety in relation to its situation and communicative purposes.

    English for _____ Purpose focuses on teaching the language skills helpful for academic registers.

    <p>Academic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which register is focused on specific professions or academic disciplines?

    <p>English for Specific Purposes (ESP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the linguistic perspective with its description:

    <p>Register = Linguistic features related to a particular situation Genre = Conventional structures of a text variety Style = Aesthetic preferences of authors or historical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The style perspective operates strictly based on functional motivations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key focus of recent annual report conventions?

    <p>Transparency and sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Letter to Shareholders is the least read section of annual reports.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of developing instructional materials in ESP?

    <p>To help students learn the particular language patterns typical in their fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do companies now include in annual reports besides financial information?

    <p>Corporate values, sustainability efforts, and engagement with stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The message to shareholders in an annual report is often called the _____ letter.

    <p>CEO's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements of the annual report with their descriptions:

    <p>Letter to Shareholders = Management's evaluation of past performance Financial Performance = Detailed overview of sales and earnings Sustainability Efforts = Company's environmental initiatives Stakeholder Engagement = Interactions with parties invested in the company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the current expectations of stakeholders regarding business reports?

    <p>Integrated reports combining financial and social reporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Business communication has not evolved over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of the Letter to Shareholders in an annual report?

    <p>To inform shareholders about the company's overall performance and annual financial results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which verb is NOT frequently associated with consumers according to the content?

    <p>Should</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EU legislation often highlights the difficulties faced by consumers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the EU typically emphasize regarding consumer protection?

    <p>Active role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consumers are protected by EU _____ law.

    <p>consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their descriptions regarding consumer rights:

    <p>Access to information = Consumers receive unambiguous details about their rights 14 days to reconsider = Consumers can change their mind on purchases within this time frame Confidence in purchases = Consumers have assurance in the safety and quality of products Cross-border claims = Consumers can pursue claims outside their country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the positive connotation used in descriptions of EU consumer rights?

    <p>Consumers are protected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The personal pronoun 'you' always refers to EU institutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What image does the EU aim to convey while informing its citizens about their rights?

    <p>Positive image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using hedging in communication?

    <p>To seek agreement and cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative politeness strategy implies that the writer/speaker is imposing their beliefs on the audience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two categories of hedges mentioned in the content.

    <p>Modal verbs, adverbs of probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hedging is more frequent in _____ CEO letters than in _____ CEO letters.

    <p>Western, Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of reformulation in popularization?

    <p>To relate new knowledge to old knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hedges with their descriptions:

    <p>Modal verbs = Words that express necessity or possibility Adverbs of probability = Words indicating the likelihood of an event Adjectives of probability = Words that describe the nature of probability Approximative adverbs = Words that convey an estimated amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recontextualization involves adapting content to fit the conditions of the media being used.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of hedges?

    <p>Alliteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural differences have no significant impact on the amount of hedging in texts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-promotion in the context of informative materials published by institutions?

    <p>The inclusion of a promotional message alongside the information provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brochures often use personal and possessive pronouns such as __________.

    <p>you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hedging techniques benefit a CEO when discussing poor results?

    <p>They mitigate directness and signal courtesy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types/tools used for popularizing EU legislation with their description:

    <p>Webpages = Online platforms with hyperlinks Apps = Smartphone applications for easy access YouTube videos = Visual content for engaging presentations Infographics = Visual representations that summarize information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the EU in the context of consumer legislation?

    <p>Both institutions and territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EU frequently uses complex language to refer to its initiatives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two common acronyms that are frequently used in consumer legislation.

    <p>EU, ECC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a press release?

    <p>To inform the public of a news item</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Press releases typically use the second person 'you' to address the reader.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 're-entextualisation' refer to in the context of press releases?

    <p>The adaptation or variation of content in news reports from the original press release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of written text on the career section of corporate websites varies between __________.

    <p>companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the presentation strategies with their descriptions:

    <p>Cover features = Links displayed by means of images and single words or short phrases Noticeboard features = Text displayed initially, with full text available upon clicking Post-it-texts = Short texts designed to stimulate curiosity or call to action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following digital platforms is NOT mentioned as a way to promote a product or announce news?

    <p>LinkedIn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aim of a press release is solely to maintain a corporate image.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a high uptake of a press release?

    <p>Many media outlets publish some of the press release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Different Kinds of Texts

    • Texts vary in form, depending on the context, e.g., articles, emails, social media, commercials, advertising, radio broadcasts, lectures, conversations.
    • Each type of text employs specific linguistic features.

    Register, Genre, and Style

    • Register: Focuses on linguistic features typical of a text variety in relation to the communicative situation.
    • Genre: Focuses on the purpose and structure of a text variety; typical structures are common to complete texts.
    • Style: Focuses on linguistic features, but not functionally motivated by the situational context.

    Language for Specific Purposes

    • People use differing linguistic forms in different circumstances.

    • Variations include speaker purpose, interpersonal relationship, and production context.

    • At the most fundamental level, linguistic variation constitutes distinct languages. More subtle variations include those of speakers or between different texts by the same speaker.

    Varieties

    • Categories of texts that share common social or situational characteristics.

    Text Analysis

    • Linguistic features, such as grammatical rules, specialised lexicon, forms, and rhetorical choices.
    • Degree or level of formality/technicality. This is influenced by the tenor of discourse (who is speaking to who) and the aim or purpose of the text.

    Horizontal Variations

    • The use of language varies across different domains; For exampel, the language of medicine differs from the language of law.

    Vertical Variations

    • The degree of specialisation/technicality in language usage (e.g., a technical manual vs an introductory overview).

    Hedging

    • The use of language reflecting tentativeness or vagueness.

    Contracts and Agreements

    • Formal legal language style (e.g., 'if...then' clauses)
    • Contracts typically involve precise, conditional statements

    Annual Reports

    • Informative (financial reports to provide a truthful financial overview.)
    • Persuasive (image management and investment encouragement).
    • Includes non-statutory elements, with visual components.

    Letters to Shareholders

    • Important narrative section, aiming to convey a positive company image.
    • Features evolve over time to adjust to changing conventions.

    Social Impact and Sustainability

    • Pressure to incorporate sustainability considerations in annual reports.
    • Integrated reporting becoming more common and reflecting a broader understanding of corporate performance.

    Corpus Analysis

    • Collection of texts used for language analysis.
    • Can be monolingual or bilingual/multilingual.
    • The analysis focuses on word frequency, collocation, and other patterns of usage.

    Metadiscourse

    • The use of language to articulate how the author constructs and manages the discourse.
    • Markers such as 'in other words' or 'arguably'.
    • Helps to guide the reader through the text; to make the language clearer or to reinforce an idea with greater impact.

    Morphosyntactic Features

    • Focus on grammatical aspects, like nominalisation(e.g., expressing actions as nouns)
    • Differences in usage across contexts (e.g., between EU Legislation and other kinds of texts)

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    Description

    Explore the diverse kinds of texts and the linguistic features that distinguish them. This quiz covers the concepts of register, genre, and style, and delves into how language varies for specific purposes depending on context. Test your understanding of how communication adapts to different situations and relationships.

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