Parasites Quiz 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical size of an adult Acanthocephala?

  • 20cm
  • 15cm
  • 10cm (correct)
  • 25cm

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Acanthocephala?

  • Absorb nutrients from the host's digested gut contents
  • Possess a retractable proboscis with hooks for attachment
  • Lack a mouth and digestive system
  • Have a simple life cycle with a broad spectrum host (correct)

    • What is the relationship between Acanthocephala and rotifers?

  • Acanthocephala and rotifers are sister groups (correct)
  • Acanthocephala are a subphylum of rotifers
  • Acanthocephala and rotifers are not related
  • Acanthocephala are a type of freshwater zooplankton like rotifers

    • Where do adult Acanthocephala typically live?

    <p>In the small intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life stage of Acanthocephala that is ingested to cause infection?

    <p>Cystacanth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis method for Acanthocephala infection?

    <p>Finding eggs in the feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an organism that benefits from another organism without causing harm or benefit to it?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an organism that lives within a host?

    <p>Endoparasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormality described in the text regarding the life cycle of Acanthocephala found in mongoose and monkeys in St. Kitts?

    <p>The cystacanths were found in the wrong intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason given in the text for the abnormal Acanthocephala life cycle observed in St. Kitts?

    <p>Neither the monkey nor mongoose hosts had natural predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate host in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Both birds and humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the preferred site within or on the host that provides optimal food for the parasite?

    <p>Predilection Site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Hypobiosis' refer to in parasitology?

    <p>State of arrested development waiting for optimal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Paratenic Host in a parasite's life cycle?

    <p>Used for transportation but not necessary for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Leucochloridium paradoxum' is associated with which characteristic behavior in its life cycle?

    <p>'Zombie Snails'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dirofilaria immitis' requires which organism as an Intermediate Host in its life cycle?

    <p>'Mosquito'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following host groups are known to be infected by Kudoa species?

    <p>Birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with Kudoa species in undercooked fish?

    <p>Kudoa species can cause gastrointestinal problems in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of whirling disease caused by Myxobolus cerebralis in juvenile salmonids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the host-parasite relationship between Myxobolus cerebralis and salmonids?

    <p>Both a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) and increased water temperatures in Iceland?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the Multivalvulida group of Kudoa?

    <p>Both c and d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known host group for Kudoa species?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonids?

    <p>Via live or frozen fish from Eurasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vectors (ectoparasites) is correct?

    <p>Arachnids, such as ticks and mites, as well as insects like fleas (wingless flies), lice, and flies, can act as vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of trematodes?

    <p>They have direct life cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is transmitted by deer ticks?

    <p>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about trematode eggs is correct?

    <p>They are operculate (have a cap/lid used for larva exit).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of trematodes that relates to their zoonotic potential?

    <p>They can use predatory fish or birds as definitive hosts, allowing for potential transmission to humans if eaten undercooked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vectors (ectoparasites) is incorrect?

    <p>Fleas and mites are examples of insect vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of trematodes mentioned in the text?

    <p>They have a broad host spectrum but almost always use gastropods (snails) as intermediate hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a trematode mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fasciola hepatica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason for the presence of cystacanths in the mongoose and monkeys at St Kitts?

    <p>The animals were mistaken as the intermediate host but were dead end hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the abnormality related to the cystacanth infection of mongoose and monkeys at St Kitts?

    <p>No adult stage of the parasite was found within either hosts despite both being vertebrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Myxozoa is incorrect?

    <p>All Myxozoa species are obligate parasites found exclusively in amphibian hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the polar capsules in Myxozoa?

    <p>To help infect a new host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Myxozoa species is true?

    <p>Histozoic species are more likely to cause serious diseases in commercial fish species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the classification of Myxozoa is correct?

    <p>They were previously classified as protozoans but are now known to be parasitic jellyfish (Cnidaria).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasites: General Info

    • Parasite: an organism that gets some or all of its food from the host, at the host's expense (only the parasite benefits)
    • Endoparasite: lives within the host
    • Ectoparasite: lives outside of the host
    • Parasites can use the host for food, water, habitat, heat, transmission (and anything to help them survive)

    Vectors (Ectoparasites)

    • Fleas, ticks, lice, flies, and mosquitoes are examples of vectors that transmit pathogens
    • Fleas and ticks carry pathogens in their salivary glands, transmitted through bites
    • Examples of vector-borne diseases:
      • Ticks transmit Ehrlichia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum
      • Mosquitoes transmit heartworms (parasitic roundworms)

    Trematode: General Info

    • AKA: Digeneans, Digenean flukes, Aspidogastrea
    • Endoparasites within Phylum Platyhelminthes
    • Characterized by:
      • Oral and ventral suckers
      • Dorsoventrally flattened (leaf-like) body shape
      • Lack an anus and use flame cells for waste removal
      • Hermaphroditic, but can cross-reproduce
      • No direct life cycle
      • Broad host spectrum
      • Almost always use gastropods (snails) as intermediate hosts
    • Heavy eggs require sedimentation for diagnosis
    • Definitive host (DH) is typically a predatory fish or sometimes birds, and can be zoonotic if metacercaria is eaten from the environment

    Trematode: Examples

    • Fasciola hepatica (common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke)
      • Infects mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish
    • Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease)
      • Destroys cartilage in spinal column and cranium within juvenile salmonids, leading to death or lifelong deformity
      • Spreads via live or frozen fish from Eurasia
    • Kudoa (histozoic myxosporean)
      • Infects marine fish skeletal muscle or organs
      • Can cause gastrointestinal problems in humans if eaten in undercooked fish

    Acanthocephala Phylum: General Info

    • AKA: Thorny headed worms
    • Lack mouth and digestive system, absorbing nutrients from the host's digested gut contents via their integument (skin)
    • Size: up to 10cm
    • Sister group to rotifers (freshwater zooplankton)
    • Intermediate hosts (IH) are always invertebrates
    • Adults live in the digestive tract (small intestines) and are not typically pathogenic
    • Always have a complex life cycle and broad spectrum hosts
    • Diagnosis: eggs in feces (sometimes sub-clinical)

    Acanthocephala Phylum: Examples

    • Found encysted within the muscle of mongoose and scrotum of monkeys
    • Abnormalities:
      • Cystacanths are only in the IH to await transmission to the DH
      • IH are always invertebrates, but in this case, they were found in mongoose and monkeys

    Epibiosis (Phoresis)

    • Two organisms that are nutritionally independent of each other have a facultative relationship
    • Epibiont: smaller organism using another for transport
    • Basibiont: larger organism that carries the epibiont
    • Example: stalked ciliate using copepod for transport

    Commensalism

    • Small symbiont eats for/benefits from larger symbiont, which is neither harmed nor benefited
    • Example: flagellate eating unwanted bacteria off of fish

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    Related Documents

    Microbio Final.docx

    Description

    Trematodes, Acanthocephala, Cnidaria (Myxozoa) Parasitology terminology

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