Material Ferrous

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Questions and Answers

What type of strength is the ability of a piece of sheet metal to withstand stress in tension?

  • Tensile strength (correct)
  • Shear strength
  • Compressive strength
  • Bending strength

Which definition of tensile strength refers to the stress at which material changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation?

  • Compressive strength
  • Breaking strength
  • Ultimate strength
  • Yield strength (correct)

What is the maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to tension, compression, or shearing?

  • Ultimate strength (correct)
  • Shear strength
  • Fatigue strength
  • Bending strength

Which coordinate on the stress-strain curve represents the stress at the point of rupture?

<p>Rupture (or fracture) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the measure of how a metal reacts to a specific type of loading?

<p>Tensile strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the stress-strain curve does material strain change from elastic to plastic deformation?

<p>Yield strength (elastic limit) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of loading does bending strength specifically refer to?

<p>Bending (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technical term for the maximum stress a material can withstand before rupturing?

<p>Ultimate strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property refers to a metal's tendency to return to its original shape after normal stretching and bending?

<p>Elasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property measures a material's resistance to tearing or breaking when bent or stretched?

<p>Toughness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables a metal to carry heat or electricity?

<p>Conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a metal to expand when heated and shrink when cooled called?

<p>Thermal Expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of metals that must be both tough and hard are:

<p>Hammer faces and wrenches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is the measure of a material's ability to allow electron flow?

<p>Conductivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a metal first do before it can carry heat away from its source?

<p>Absorb heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metals that can carry heat also carry electrons, making them good:

<p>Electrical conductors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the text?

<p>Explaining the different types of metallic strengths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tensile strength and hardness in steel?

<p>They are directly proportional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a fundamental loading force?

<p>Ductility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fatigue strength' refer to?

<p>A metal's ability to withstand repeated loading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of metals is described as their ability to resist shock?

<p>Impact strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tensile strength and hardness for most metals?

<p>The relationship is not absolute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'necking' refer to in the context of the stress-strain curve?

<p>The localized reduction in cross-sectional area before fracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a metal to resist rotational shear called?

<p>Torsional strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does tungsten add to steel when alloyed?

<p>High melting point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical applications of tungsten steels?

<p>Control surface balance weights and breaker contacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property do titanium steel alloys possess?

<p>High tensile strength and toughness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of stainless steel?

<p>Corrosion resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are stainless steels suitable for in aircraft applications?

<p>Firewalls and exhaust system components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of heat treating steel?

<p>To modify strength, toughness, and ductility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT suitable for use as a structural material without modification?

<p>Pure iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary alloying element in steel that allows it to be heat-treated?

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is normalising different from annealing?

<p>Normalising involves cooling in still air, while annealing involves cooling in the furnace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is normalising important in aircraft work?

<p>To reduce the internal stresses and strains in welded parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor determining the maximum hardness attained by carbon steel during hardening?

<p>The uniform dispersion of carbon in the steel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hardening steel differ from normalising and annealing?

<p>Hardening involves rapid cooling after uniform dispersion of carbon, while normalising and annealing do not require rapid cooling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of quenching steel during the hardening process?

<p>Quenching in water, oil, or brine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are stresses relieved in ferrous metals by normalising?

<p>To prevent failure due to internal stresses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important use of normalising in aircraft work?

<p>To relieve internal stresses and strains in welded parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon steel during hardening?

<p>Steel is rapidly cooled after uniform carbon dispersion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the predictable expansion or contraction of materials at specific temperatures?

<p>Thermal expansion coefficient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of metal to be joined by heating and melting called?

<p>B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a ferrous metal?

<p>Aluminum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chief constituent of ferrous metals?

<p>Iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe iron poured from a furnace into molds?

<p>Cast iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of iron in its pure form?

<p>It is silvery white in color and quite heavy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why iron is usually mixed with various forms of carbon and other alloying agents or impurities?

<p>To prevent it from readily combining with oxygen to form rust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical composition of cast iron?

<p>More than 2% carbon and some silicon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of alloying chromium with steel?

<p>Increases strength and hardness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of chromium steel?

<p>Antifriction bearings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of alloying nickel and chromium with steel?

<p>Enhances high-strength structural applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property does molybdenum impart to steel when alloyed?

<p>Reduced grain size and increased impact strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of chrome-molybdenum steel?

<p>Both b and c (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property does vanadium impart to steel when alloyed with chromium?

<p>Enhanced ductility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of chrome-vanadium steel?

<p>Ball bearings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alloying element is NOT mentioned in the text?

<p>Manganese (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of metals is the opposite of ductility and malleability?

<p>Brittleness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metal is more likely to break or crack before changing its shape?

<p>Brittle metal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the property that describes a metal's tendency to return to its original shape after normal stretching and bending?

<p>Elasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metals are examples of brittle ferrous metals?

<p>Cast iron and very hard steel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point beyond which a metal does not return to its original shape after a deforming force is removed?

<p>Elastic limit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metal is more likely to exhibit elasticity in its behavior?

<p>Hard spring steel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a material's resistance to breaking or shattering when bent or stretched?

<p>Brittleness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heat treating steel?

<p>To alter the steel's physical and mechanical properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of annealing steel?

<p>Heating and cooling steel to relieve internal stress and soften it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alloying element is most important for the heat treatment of steel?

<p>Carbon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes high-carbon steels particularly suitable for heat treatment?

<p>They respond well to the heat treatment process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of heat treating steel in manufacturing processes?

<p>It increases the strength and other desirable characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the different heat treatment processes is true?

<p>Each heat treatment process provides different desirable characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the commercial use of steels exceeding that of any other material?

<p>Steels can be heat treated to improve their properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of annealing on steel?

<p>It softens the steel and relieves internal stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of normalizing steel?

<p>To relieve internal stresses and strains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hardening process for carbon steel differ from normalizing?

<p>Hardening involves rapid cooling by quenching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor determining the maximum hardness of carbon steel during hardening?

<p>The carbon content of the steel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important application of normalizing in aircraft work?

<p>Welded parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cooling process differ between normalizing and annealing?

<p>Normalizing involves cooling in still air, annealing in a controlled environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quenching medium is NOT mentioned for hardening carbon steel?

<p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the carbon particles in steel during the annealing process?

<p>They precipitate out into larger particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about normalizing steel is NOT true?

<p>It allows carbon particles to precipitate out into larger sizes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Types of Strength

  • There are several types of strength, including:
    • Tensile strength: ability of a metal to withstand stress in tension
    • Compressive strength: ability to withstand being pressed or squeezed
    • Shear strength: ability to withstand shear stress
    • Torsional strength: ability to resist rotational shear
    • Bending strength: ability to withstand bending forces
    • Fatigue strength (endurance strength): ability to resist repeated loading
    • Impact strength (toughness): ability to resist shock

Tensile Strength

  • Yield strength: stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation
  • Ultimate strength: maximum stress a material can withstand
  • Breaking strength: stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture
  • Reference numbers on the stress vs strain curve for structural steel include:
    • Ultimate strength
    • Yield strength (elastic limit)
    • Rupture (or fracture)
    • Strain-hardening region
    • Necking region

Toughness

  • Ability of a material to resist tearing or breaking when bent or stretched
  • Examples: hammer faces and wrenches

Conductivity

  • Ability of a metal to carry heat or electricity
  • Examples: fins on cylinder heads of an air-cooled piston engine
  • Metals that can carry heat also carry electrons, making them good electrical conductors

Thermal Expansion

  • Ability of a metal to expand when heated and shrink when cooled
  • Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled

Hardness

  • Ability of a metal to resist cutting, penetration or abrasion
  • Related to tensile strength, but not absolute
  • Examples: tungsten, titanium

Metals

  • Ferrous metals: contain iron as chief constituent
    • Examples: steel, cast iron, alloys of iron with other metals
    • Properties: corrosion resistance, high strength, high ductility
  • Non-ferrous metals: do not contain iron
    • Examples: aluminum, copper, titanium
    • Properties: high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, high ductility

Properties of Metals

  • Brittleness: tendency to break or shatter when exposed to stress
  • Elasticity: ability to return to original shape after normal stretching and bending
  • Conductivity: ability to carry heat or electricity

Heat Treatment

  • Process of heating and cooling carbon steel to change its physical and mechanical properties
  • Types of heat treatment:
    • Annealing: softens steel and relieves internal stress
    • Normalising: relieves internal stresses in ferrous metals
    • Hardening: increases hardness of carbon steel

Alloying Elements

  • Chromium: increases strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance of steel
  • Molybdenum: increases strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance of steel
  • Vanadium: produces strong, tough, ductile steel alloys
  • Nickel: toughens steel, increases corrosion resistance

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