21 Questions
Which of the following signaling molecules bind to intracellular receptors?
Lipid-soluble hormones like steroids, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D3
Which type of receptor recognizes and binds to signaling molecules that cannot cross the plasma membrane?
Membrane receptors
Which of the following signaling molecules is a gas?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Which of the following statements about signaling molecules is correct?
Signaling molecules can initiate specific cellular responses in the target cell
Which of the following is not a type of signaling molecule that binds to cell-surface receptors?
Lipid-soluble hormones like steroids and thyroid hormone
Which of the following statements about autocrine signaling is correct?
Autocrine signaling involves cells producing signals that affect their own survival and proliferation.
What is the main difference between endocrine signaling and paracrine signaling ?
Endocrine signaling involves secreted molecules that act on distant target cells, while paracrine signaling involves secreted molecules that act on neighboring target cells.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormone signaling as described in the text?
Steroid hormones are secreted by endocrine cells and carried in the bloodstream.
Which of the following is an example of contact-dependent, or juxtacrine, cell-cell signaling mentioned in the text?
Signaling mediated by cadherin and integrin molecules.
What type of signaling is characterized by differentiating cells producing signals to which they also respond?
Autocrine signaling
What is the term used to describe a group of cells producing the same autocrine signal resulting in a strong signal for differentiation?
Community effect
Which type of cell junction allows neighboring cells to share small molecules and respond to extracellular signals in a coordinated way?
Gap Junctions
In complex multicellular organisms, what type of signaling is not sufficient to coordinate cell behavior due to the long distances between cells?
Synaptic signaling
What enables nerve cells to contact target cells far away and secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions?
Chemical synapses
What feature of animal cells allows each cell type to respond to specific sets of signal molecules to regulate behavior?
Receptor diversity
What happens to a cell if it is deprived of appropriate survival signals?
It undergoes programmed cell death.
How does acetylcholine affect heart muscle and salivary gland cells?
It reduces heart rate and stimulates secretion.
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels?
It signals smooth muscle relaxation.
How does acetylcholine indirectly affect smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls?
By inducing endothelial cells to produce and release NO.
In which year was nitric oxide (NO) recognized as the "Molecule of the Year"?
1992
What is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing nitric oxide from arginine amino acid?
Nitric oxide synthase
Learn about the different types of signaling molecules, including proteins, peptide hormones, amino acids, nucleotides, steroid hormones, fatty acid derivatives, and gases like Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide. Explore how these molecules are released by signal-producing cells to initiate specific cellular responses in target cells.
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