Types of Shock and Multi-System Dysfunction

<p>Impaired fibrinolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multi-system organ failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium and water retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiogenic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension that requires vasopressors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid loss from burns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased nutrient delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progression from initial compensatory mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy production without oxygen resulting in lactic acid accumulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septic shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ATP production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation and maldistribution of blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure of two or more organ systems after severe illness or injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constriction of arterioles and veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unexplained tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered peripheral vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolic and cardiovascular activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urinary output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oliguria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps conserve blood volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thready, weak pulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased intracranial pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flushing and urticaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cool, pale extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic Plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeling of a 'lump in the throat' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulation disruption in the microvasculature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotizing fasciitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia with decreased systemic vascular resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular leakage and vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation with increased cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They retain more hydrogen ions and reduce urine output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation leading to CO2 retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>React to changes in acid-base status to maintain pH balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are low due to excessive ventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ventilation to expel CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.35 - 7.45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septic Shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold, clammy skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary embolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactic acid accumulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erratic or asystolic blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased venous return (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistently low blood pressure despite adequate volume resuscitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of septic mediators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled systemic inflammatory and stress responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe abdominal pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased peripheral vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolic rate and stress response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate and perfusion to extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By binding to the ACE2 receptor leading to membrane fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphylaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactic acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered peripheral vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence of symptoms for weeks or months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cool, pale extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shock caused by insufficient blood volume in the circulatory system, leading to decreased tissue perfusion.

Shock caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Shock caused by widespread dilation of blood vessels, impairing blood flow to tissues.

A type of distributive shock caused by a severe infection.

A type of distributive shock caused by a severe allergic reaction.

A type of distributive shock caused by damage to the nervous system, leading to vasodilation.

A life-threatening condition where multiple organ systems fail due to severe illness or injury.

Adequate blood flow to the tissues to maintain their function.

A complex clinical syndrome causing cellular hypoxia, leading to organ and system failure.

The body's initial responses to shock, aimed at maintaining blood flow to vital organs.

The worsening phase of shock, characterized by declining organ function.

The final stage of shock, where organ damage is so severe that recovery is impossible.

A widespread inflammatory response throughout the body, often triggered by severe infection.

Symptoms indicating widespread inflammation and poor blood circulation due to a severe infection

Causes of cardiogenic shock due to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood.

A life-threatening condition caused by the body's overwhelming response to an infection.

Failure of multiple organs in the body, often leading to death.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), Pneumonia, and skin infections (like Necrotizing Fasciitis) are common causes of sepsis.

A severe condition where at least two organ systems fail after a serious illness or injury.

Uncontrolled inflammatory and stress responses in the body.

Hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic state, meaning increased metabolism and heart rate.

SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through the ACE2 receptor, primarily found in the lungs.

Present in lung, kidney, bladder, and small intestine cells.

The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is significantly affected during COVID-19 infection.

Continued COVID-19 symptoms, weeks or months after recovery.

Occurs after hospitalization, intensive care, or even mild infections.

A rare and severe condition affecting children with inflammation in multiple organs.

Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, neck pain, rash, bloodshot eyes, and fatigue.

A critical condition where blood flow is inadequate, resulting in inadequate oxygen supply to the body.

Hypotension (low blood pressure), tissue hypoxia (oxygen deficiency), and metabolic acidosis.

Hypovolemia (low blood volume), altered peripheral vascular resistance, or pump failure (heart problems).

Compensated - early, Decompensated - worsening, Irreversible - final, no recovery.

Key signs include tachycardia (fast heart rate), perfusion (blood flow to extremities), LOC (level of consciousness), and BP.

A life-threatening condition where multiple organ systems fail due to an extreme inflammatory response, often triggered by sepsis.

Sepsis can arise from various infections, but common sources include urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, and skin infections like necrotizing fasciitis.

Septic shock often manifests as low blood pressure (hypotension), a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), fever, lactic acidosis, and changes in blood counts.

Anaphylaxis can be triggered by various allergens, including insect bites and stings, inhaled allergens like pollen and dust, skin contact with allergens like poison ivy, and food allergens like peanuts and shellfish.

Anaphylaxis symptoms include difficulty breathing (dyspnea, wheezing), choking, throat tightness, skin reactions, nausea, dizziness, and a rapid heart rate.

Neurogenic shock is caused by a loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, which leads to widespread vasodilation. This can occur due to spinal cord injury, spinal anesthesia, or nervous system damage.

Neurogenic shock is unique because it often presents with bradycardia (slow heart rate), unlike other types of shock that typically feature tachycardia (fast heart rate).

An antigen-antibody reaction triggers mast cells to release potent vasodilators like histamine and bradykinin. This causes increased capillary permeability, leading to fluid leakage into surrounding tissues.

A critical state where the body's circulatory system fails to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues, leading to cellular damage and potential organ failure.

A lack of sufficient oxygen at the cellular level, leading to impaired energy production and cellular damage.

Different classifications of shock based on the underlying cause, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive.

The body's initial responses to shock, aiming to maintain blood flow to vital organs.

A widespread inflammatory response throughout the body, often triggered by an infection.

A life-threatening condition caused by the body's overwhelming response to an infection, leading to organ dysfunction.

Sepsis progresses through distinct stages: early (hyperdynamic), normodynamic (decompensated), and late (hypodynamic). Each stage is characterized by specific symptoms and changes in vital signs.

The initial stage of sepsis, marked by increased heart rate, fever, and vasodilation, leading to increased blood flow. The body is trying to fight the infection.

The late and most dangerous stage of sepsis, characterized by circulatory collapse, low blood pressure, weak pulses, and organ dysfunction.

A disruption in the body's pH balance, either becoming too acidic (acidosis) or too alkaline (alkalosis). It affects many bodily functions and can be life-threatening.

A type of acid/base imbalance where the blood becomes too acidic due to an increase in metabolic acids or a loss of bicarbonate.

A type of acid/base imbalance where the blood becomes too acidic due to excessive carbon dioxide retention, often caused by poor lung function.

A type of acid/base imbalance where the blood becomes too alkaline due to excessive loss of CO2, often caused by hyperventilation.

Substances in the body that help maintain a stable pH balance by absorbing excess acids or bases. Common examples include bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and carbonic acid.

MODS is often triggered by a severe illness or injury, leading to uncontrolled inflammatory and stress responses in the body.

MODS is characterized by a hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic state, meaning increased metabolism and heart rate.

The ACE2 receptor is not only found in the lungs, but also in the kidney, bladder, and small intestine cells.

Long COVID refers to persistent symptoms of COVID-19 weeks or months after initial recovery.

MIS-C is a rare but severe condition in children where multiple organ systems become inflamed.