Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes qualitative research compared to quantitative research?
What characterizes qualitative research compared to quantitative research?
Which of the following is a type of quantitative research design?
Which of the following is a type of quantitative research design?
Which threat to internal validity is most likely related to changes in the subjects over time?
Which threat to internal validity is most likely related to changes in the subjects over time?
What does correlational research primarily aim to identify?
What does correlational research primarily aim to identify?
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What is a key requirement for achieving external validity in research?
What is a key requirement for achieving external validity in research?
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What is a limitation of correlational research?
What is a limitation of correlational research?
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What does predictive correlational design aim to do?
What does predictive correlational design aim to do?
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What best describes the 'shotgun approach' in correlational research?
What best describes the 'shotgun approach' in correlational research?
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What does an ex-post facto study entail?
What does an ex-post facto study entail?
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What are potential cautions that researchers should consider when conducting correlational research?
What are potential cautions that researchers should consider when conducting correlational research?
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What is a significant advantage of using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared to other study designs?
What is a significant advantage of using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared to other study designs?
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In which design are participants assigned to different groups randomly?
In which design are participants assigned to different groups randomly?
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What is a disadvantage of using a repeated measures design without counterbalancing?
What is a disadvantage of using a repeated measures design without counterbalancing?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of quasi-experimental design?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of quasi-experimental design?
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What is a primary reason for using counterbalancing in a repeated measures design?
What is a primary reason for using counterbalancing in a repeated measures design?
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Which type of study provides a detailed account of a patient's diagnosis and treatment, often seen as a step in medical progress?
Which type of study provides a detailed account of a patient's diagnosis and treatment, often seen as a step in medical progress?
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What is the main drawback of a randomized controlled trial using independent measures?
What is the main drawback of a randomized controlled trial using independent measures?
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What is the purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial?
What is the purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial?
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Study Notes
Types of Research Design
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Two main categories: qualitative and quantitative research
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Qualitative research focuses on quality, essence, and understanding, using methods like phenomenology and symbolic interaction. Associated with fieldwork, ethnography, and naturalistic observation, it emphasizes discovery and description. Design is flexible and evolving, and settings are natural. Small, nonrandom samples are used, with the researcher as the primary instrument. Data collection includes interviews and observations. The analysis is inductive, by the researcher, with holistic and comprehensive findings.
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Quantitative research focuses on quantity and measurable aspects, involving positivism and logical empiricism. It aims for prediction, control, confirmation, and hypothesis testing. The design is predetermined and structured. Settings are artificial, and large, random samples are used. Researchers use inanimate instruments (tests, surveys). Data analysis is deductive, using statistical methodologies and resulting in precise, narrow, reductionist findings.
Qualitative Research
- Procedures are determined during and before the research.
- Design emerges step-by-step.
Types of Qualitative Research
- Ethnographic designs include observation, interviews (narrative research), and document analysis.
- Analytical designs study the past, such as historical research (contexts and trends) or conceptual analysis.
Quantitative Research
- Experimental research investigates cause-and-effect relationships.
- One or more independent variables are manipulated, while the dependent variable is measured.
- Intervention is pre-determined by the investigator, and the design allows for maximum control.
Threats to Internal Validity
- Selection of subjects
- History
- Maturation
- Testing
- Attrition
- Instrumentation
Threats to External Validity
- Population validity
- Personological variables
- Ecological validity
Essentials for Research Design
- Reliable measurement
- Repeated measurement
- Description of the conditions
- Baseline and treatment conditions
- Control condition
- Single-variable rule
Types of Quantitative Research
- Non-experimental (descriptive, correlational, ex-post facto, survey)
- Experimental
- Case-study
Descriptive Research
- Tells what something is
Correlational Research
- Examines relationships between two or more variables without manipulation.
- Identifies associations or patterns, not cause-and-effect.
- Looks at how variables change together.
Limitations of Correlational Research
- Can't identify cause-and-effect
- Less rigorous than experimental research
- Prone to identify spurious relationships
- Relationships are often arbitrary and ambiguous
- Encourages a shotgun approach to research
Types of Correlational Research
- Simple Correlational Studies
- Prediction Studies
- Shotgun Approach
Ex-post Facto Study
- Translates to "after the fact."
- Studies something that has already occurred.
- The independent variable cannot be manipulated.
- Explores potential effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Survey Research Design
- Data collected by asking structured questions in questionnaires or interviews.
- Allows researchers to gather insights into people's thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.
- Often used to gather information from a larger population.
Experimental Research Types
- True Experimental Designs: Randomized controlled trials, independent measures, repeated measures, matched pairs.
- Quasi-Experimental Designs: Regression discontinuity design
Randomized Controlled Trial
- Best type of study if possible.
- Different participants in each group.
- Each group has a different condition.
- Randomly assigned to a group
RCT - Independent Groups Example
- Mental training (MT) can increase endurance performance.
- Goal was to identify the minimum dose required for performance improvements.
- Study used a randomized, between-group pre-test/post-test design.
RCT - Repeated Measures
- Same participants in each condition.
- Reduces individual differences (extraneous variables).
- Fewer people needed.
- Order effects may exist
RCT RM - No counterbalancing
- Participants undergo the control and treatment conditions.
RCT RM - Counterbalancing
- Participants undergo the control and treatment conditions. Conditions are ordered differently for different participants.
RCT RM Crossover Design
- Participants experience all conditions of the study in a randomized order.
- Includes a washout period between conditions.
Other Types of Research
- Case report
- Detailed account of a patient's diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.
- Part of medical progress.
- Can provide ideas for new research, especially with unusual cases.
- Not considered traditional research.
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Description
This quiz explores the two primary categories of research design: qualitative and quantitative. Learn about the methodologies, data collection techniques, and analysis used in each type, emphasizing their unique characteristics and applications. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of research methods.
