16 Questions
What type of study is a cross-sectional study?
Descriptive or Analytical
What is the main focus of a case report/case series study?
Timeless description of a case or a reduced number of cases
In a cohort study, what is done to determine whether smoking is a risk factor for developing lung cancer?
Follow-up over time until they develop the disease
What is the primary focus of a case-control study?
Subjects with the disease of interest are selected and their previous exposures are investigated
What statistical measure is primarily used in case-control studies?
Odds ratio
What do observational studies primarily do?
Observe events as they happen without interfering with routine clinical practice
What is the main limitation of ecological studies in establishing causal relationships?
They cannot establish a causal relationship between a disease and an exposure at the individual level
What is the ecological fallacy in the context of ecological studies?
Drawing inappropriate conclusions at the individual level based on population data
What type of data are usually available for ecological studies?
Demographic data and mortality registries
In which year did Robinson conduct a study on literacy rates and Native American origin in 48 U.S. states?
1930
What was the conclusion drawn from Robinson's study on literacy rates and Native American origin?
"Non-native 'blacks' have higher literacy rates than natives."
"Easy and fast to perform" is listed as an advantage of which type of study?
Ecological studies
"Not able to control confounding variables" is listed as a disadvantage of which type of study?
Ecological studies
What is the primary focus of ecological studies?
Evaluating environmental factors at the population level
Which type of study relies heavily on subjective data collection methods?
Ecological Studies
What is a common pitfall in ecological studies related to individual-level observations?
Drawing inappropriate conclusions based on population-level data
Test your knowledge of non-experimental observational studies in biostatistics, epidemiology, and public health. This quiz covers ecologic studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports, cohort studies, and case-control studies.
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