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Types of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

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Types of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

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Questions and Answers

What type of study is a cross-sectional study?

Descriptive or Analytical (correct)

Ecological

Retrospective

Prospective

What is the main focus of a case report/case series study?

Timeless description of a case or a reduced number of cases (correct)

Ecological analysis of disease patterns

Longitudinal analysis of risk factors

Population-based intervention assessment

In a cohort study, what is done to determine whether smoking is a risk factor for developing lung cancer?

Transverse description of the population

Follow-up over time until they develop the disease (correct)

Selection of subjects with the disease of interest

Averaged measures of the populations under study

What is the primary focus of a case-control study?

Subjects with the disease of interest are selected and their previous exposures are investigated Signup and view all the answers

What statistical measure is primarily used in case-control studies?

Odds ratio Signup and view all the answers

What do observational studies primarily do?

Observe events as they happen without interfering with routine clinical practice Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of ecological studies in establishing causal relationships?

They cannot establish a causal relationship between a disease and an exposure at the individual level Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological fallacy in the context of ecological studies?

Drawing inappropriate conclusions at the individual level based on population data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data are usually available for ecological studies?

Demographic data and mortality registries Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Robinson conduct a study on literacy rates and Native American origin in 48 U.S. states?

1930 Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion drawn from Robinson's study on literacy rates and Native American origin?

"Non-native 'blacks' have higher literacy rates than natives." Signup and view all the answers

"Easy and fast to perform" is listed as an advantage of which type of study?

Ecological studies Signup and view all the answers

"Not able to control confounding variables" is listed as a disadvantage of which type of study?

Ecological studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ecological studies?

Evaluating environmental factors at the population level Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study relies heavily on subjective data collection methods?

Ecological Studies Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pitfall in ecological studies related to individual-level observations?

Drawing inappropriate conclusions based on population-level data Signup and view all the answers