Questions and Answers
What is the classification based on to determine if a nuclear reaction is spontaneous or induced?
Whether the reaction takes place naturally or not
Which type of nuclear reactions involve a radioactive element spontaneously transforming into another element by emitting α, β, or γ-rays?
Spontaneous nuclear reactions
In artificial or induced radioactivity, what is observed when a stable non-radioactive element is bombarded with a suitable bombarding particle?
Formation of unstable radioactive elements
What is the term used for reactions where a stable non-radioactive element is bombarded and no radioactivity is observed?
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In induced nuclear reactions, what happens to the newly-formed element if it is stable or non-radioactive?
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Which type of reactions are studied under 'Natural Radioactivity'?
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What can be observed in reactions under 'Artificial or induced radioactivity'?
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When a stable non-radioactive element is bombarded with a suitable particle, what type of reaction may occur?
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'Spontaneous nuclear reactions' involve which process?
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Study Notes
Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear reactions can be classified into two types: spontaneous and induced nuclear reactions.
Spontaneous Nuclear Reactions
- Occur naturally without any external influence.
- Involve radioactive elements disintegrating into another element by emitting α, β, or γ-rays.
- Examples: 238U → 234Th + α, 234Th → 234Pa + β
Induced Nuclear Reactions
- Occur when a stable element is bombarded with a suitable particle (e.g., neutron, proton, deuteron, α-particle).
- Result in the formation of a new element, which may or may not be stable.
- Examples: 27Al + 4He → 30Si, 14N + 4He → 17O
Characteristics of Induced Nuclear Reactions
- The newly formed element may be unstable or radioactive, leading to disintegration into a stable element.
- The new element may be stable and non-radioactive, with no disintegration observed.
- Examples: Unstable - 30Si → 30P + e+ (positron), Stable - 30Si (no disintegration)
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