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Questions and Answers
What is the end result of the process initiated by ATP depletion and increase in cell membrane permeability?
What is the end result of the process initiated by ATP depletion and increase in cell membrane permeability?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a cheesy, granular material?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a cheesy, granular material?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a soft, mushy, and liquefied tissue?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a soft, mushy, and liquefied tissue?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a firm, fibrin-rich scar?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the formation of a firm, fibrin-rich scar?
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What is the type of necrosis characterized by the death of fat cells, resulting in the formation of calcium soap?
What is the type of necrosis characterized by the death of fat cells, resulting in the formation of calcium soap?
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What is the term used to describe the 'premature' or 'untimely' death of cells due to 'causes'?
What is the term used to describe the 'premature' or 'untimely' death of cells due to 'causes'?
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What is the morphological change that occurs in the nucleus during irreversible cell injury?
What is the morphological change that occurs in the nucleus during irreversible cell injury?
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What is the result of the increase in cell membrane permeability?
What is the result of the increase in cell membrane permeability?
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What is the result of the activation of lipases and proteases?
What is the result of the activation of lipases and proteases?
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What is the result of the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the result of the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation?
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Study Notes
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis: most common form of necrosis, characterized by protein denaturation and coagulation in the cytoplasm, and typically occurs in solid organs like the heart, liver, and kidney.
- Liquefactive necrosis: characterized by cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes, and typically occurs in abscesses, brain, and pancreas.
- Caseous necrosis: a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, characterized by a soft, cheese-like appearance, and is characteristic of tuberculosis.
- Fat necrosis: caused by the action of lipase enzyme on adipose tissue, resulting in a white, chalky appearance, and typically occurs in pancreatitis.
- Fibrinoid necrosis: characterized by necrotic tissue resembling fibrin, with a pink, homogenous appearance, and typically occurs in the lumen of blood vessels with hypertension.
- Gangrenous necrosis: a gross term to describe dead tissue, and can be classified as either dry (microscopically coagulative necrosis) or wet (microscopically liquefactive necrosis).
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death, also known as "normal death", regulated by genes, and involves RNA and protein synthesis.
- Physiological apoptosis: occurs in fatty changes in the liver, cholesterol, glycogen storage diseases, carbon deposition, and anthracosis.
Pigments
- Lipofuscin: an endogenous pigment, yellow-brown in color, indicating wear and tear effect, and typically seen in the heart and liver.
- Hemosidrin: a golden yellow-brown granular pigment, found in areas of hemorrhage, and can be seen by Prussian blue stain.
Calcifications
- Dystrophic calcification: precipitation of calcium in necrotic tissue, with normal serum calcium, and typically occurs in fat necrosis, psammoma bodies, and atherosclerotic plaque.
- Metastatic calcifications: precipitation of calcium in normal tissue, associated with hypercalcemia, and typically occurs in hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, excess vitamin D, and metastatic cancer.
Cell Injury
- Reversible cell injury: characterized by ATP depletion, increase in cell membrane permeability, and influx of calcium, leading to activation of lipases and proteases, mitochondrial dysfunction, and decrease in oxidative phosphorylation.
- Irreversible cell injury: characterized by more severe membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, release of lysosomal digestive enzymes, and nuclear changes.
Cell Death
- Necrosis: "premature" or "untimely" death due to "causes", and can be classified into different morphological types.
- Cell death: can be classified into necrosis and apoptosis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of necrosis, including coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, caseous necrosis, and more. Learn about the characteristics, causes, and locations of each type of necrosis.
