4.2.2 Marital breakdown
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Questions and Answers

What is the key argument made by Ulrich Beck regarding increasing divorce rates?

  • Traditional rules of love and relationships are no longer relevant in a rapidly changing world. (correct)
  • The pressure to conform to societal expectations increases, making marriages more difficult.
  • Increased industrialization leads to more conflicts between spouses.
  • Individuals are becoming more self-centered and narcissistic.
  • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a highly individualistic society, according to Beck's analysis?

  • There is a greater emphasis on self-identity and personal fulfillment.
  • Individuals are less susceptible to influences from their extended family.
  • Traditional rituals and values are strictly adhered to. (correct)
  • People are free to pursue their own goals.
  • What does Beck refer to as the ‘chaos of love’?

  • The breakdown of traditional family structures due to industrialization.
  • The difficulty of finding a suitable partner in a highly individualistic society.
  • The increasing number of divorces in modern society.
  • The conflicts that arise from the clash between individualistic desires and the demands of marriage. (correct)
  • Which of these best describes the relationship between individualization and conflict, as presented by Beck?

    <p>Conflict is an inherent part of individualization, making relationships more challenging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason, according to Beck, why partners may enter marriage with different expectations?

    <p>The emphasis on individual desires and goals in a highly individualistic society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors did NOT contribute to the increased divorce rate?

    <p>Increased religiosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major explanation for the higher divorce rates in Western countries compared to those in Kenya, Egypt, and India?

    <p>Stronger religious and cultural traditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the increased divorce rate in Western countries?

    <p>The decline of the traditional family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'no-fault' divorce refer to?

    <p>Divorce granted without proof of adultery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a social attitude change cited as a contributor to the increased divorce rate?

    <p>Increased emphasis on traditional gender roles in marriage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is MOST likely to initiate a divorce, according to the text?

    <p>Women who are dissatisfied with their marriage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has women's entry into the workforce affected divorce rates?

    <p>It has led to an increase in divorce rates as women are now more financially independent and have more options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between divorce rates and the age at which couples marry?

    <p>Couples who marry older are less likely to get divorced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key argument of functionalist sociologists regarding divorce rates?

    <p>Divorce rates are a sign of the increasing value placed on marriage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central argument of feminist sociologists regarding divorce?

    <p>Divorce is a tool used by women to escape oppressive marriages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the extended family have on divorce rates?

    <p>The influence of extended families is decreasing in modern society, which contributes to increased divorce rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the experience of divorce?

    <p>Divorce is a negative event that can be traumatic for all involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which factor is LEAST likely to be associated with a higher divorce rate?

    <p>A long-term marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument about the relationship between secularization and divorce rates?

    <p>Secularization leads to higher divorce rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point the text makes regarding the impact of divorce laws?

    <p>Divorce laws have made divorce easier and more accessible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common explanation for the increase in divorce rates?

    <p>The increasing role of government intervention in family life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a divorce from separation?

    <p>Divorce is a legal ending of a marriage, while separation is agreement to live apart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has no legal procedure for divorce?

    <p>Vatican City (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for individuals opting for separation instead of divorce?

    <p>Separation minimizes social stigma associated with divorce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an empty-shell marriage?

    <p>A husband and wife who live together without intimacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend in divorce rates has been observed since 1970 worldwide?

    <p>Divorce rates have increased significantly in many countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor tends to correlate with lower divorce rates?

    <p>The prevalence of arranged marriages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest reported divorce rate in the world based on the provided information?

    <p>11 divorces for every 1000 people in the Maldives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a marital offence that could affect the granting of a divorce?

    <p>Impotency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Individualism

    A social theory emphasizing individual rights and independence over collective goals.

    Ulrich Beck

    A sociologist who studied the effects of individualism and conflict in modern relationships.

    Individualisation

    The process where individuals are less pressured to conform to traditional societal roles.

    Chaos of love

    The conflict arising from differing individual desires within a marriage.

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    Selflessness vs Selfishness

    The clash of needs for sacrifice in marriage versus individual desires.

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    Divorce

    The legal end of a marriage recognized by authorities.

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    Separation

    When a couple agrees to live apart after marital breakdown.

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    Empty-shell marriage

    Marriages that exist without love or intimacy; partners stay together for appearances.

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    No-fault divorce

    Divorce granted without needing to prove wrongdoing by either partner.

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    Global divorce rate

    The percentage increase in divorce across the world, significantly rising since 1960.

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    Maldives divorce rate

    The highest divorce rate in the world, averaging 11 divorces per 1000 people.

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    Religious influence on marriage

    The effect of religions like Islam and Hinduism on divorce rates, particularly in less industrialized societies.

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    Trends in divorce since 1970

    Observations of increasing divorce rates and changing societal attitudes towards marriage.

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    Divorce Rate in Luxembourg

    87% of marriages in Luxembourg end in divorce.

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    Divorce Rate in USA

    46% of marriages in the USA end in divorce.

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    Age and Divorce Probability

    Younger couples have a higher chance of divorce.

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    Divorce by 20 Years

    About 30% of marriages end in divorce by the 20th anniversary.

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    Influence of Past Marriages

    Divorce is more likely if one or both partners have been previously married.

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    Changing Social Attitudes

    Expectations of marriage have shifted over 50 years.

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    Women's Expectations in Marriage

    Women now seek emotional satisfaction and friendship in marriage.

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    Women's Independence

    Increased female workforce participation influences divorce rates.

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    Unequal Distribution of Housework

    Frustration from unequal domestic responsibilities can lead to divorce.

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    Secularisation

    Decline in church attendance affects views on divorce.

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    Declining Influence of Extended Family

    Less pressure from extended family leads to higher divorce rates.

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    Emotional Impact of Divorce

    Divorce is often emotionally traumatic, similar to bereavement.

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    Men and Traditional Roles

    Some men react negatively to women taking breadwinner roles.

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    Functionalist Perspective

    High divorce rates indicate increased value placed on marriage.

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    Study Notes

    Types of Marital Breakdown

    • Divorce: Legal ending of a marriage; permitted in most countries except Vatican City. "No-fault" divorce allows couples to agree the marriage is irretrievably broken; some countries require proof of "marital offense" (e.g., cruelty, adultery, desertion).

    • Separation: Agreement to live apart after marriage breakdown; often preferred due to religious or social factors; divorce can still be obtained even if a partner opposes it.

    • Empty-Shell Marriage: Marriage in name only, lacking love or intimacy; often ends in divorce or separation; can persist for children, religion, or economics.

    • Increased Global Rate: Divorce rates globally have increased over 250% since 1960. The Maldives has the highest rate (11 per 1000) and average women there have been divorced three times by 30. Lowest rates are in less-industrialized societies with strong religious influences.

    • Age of Marriage: Younger couples are more likely to divorce, with the highest rates in the 25-29-year-old age group, often having married in their late teens or early twenties.

    • Timeline of Divorce: Roughly 30% of marriages end in divorce within 20 years; about 60% end due to death.

    • Previous Marriages: Divorce is more likely when one or both partners have been previously married.

    Explanations for Increased Divorce

    • Changes in Laws: Easier and cheaper access to divorce due to "no-fault" and "irretrievable breakdown" laws.

    • Social Attitudes: Changed expectations about marriage; increased demand for emotional and sexual compatibility, equality in decision-making, and domestic tasks.

    • Secularization: Decline in Church attendance and religious belief lowered the stigma associated with divorce in Western Christian societies. Strong religious belief correlates with lower divorce rates.

    • Decline of Extended Family: Reduced social pressure to stay together in highly mobile societies; reduced influence of extended family/community control.

    • Individualism: Increased emphasis on individual goals; individuals have less pressure to conform compared to extended family or community pressures. Increased potential for conflict in marriages; "chaos of love" arises from conflicting desires.

    • Women's Increased Independence: Women's increased independence and economic participation have broadened choices, enhancing ability to leave unhappy marriages. Challenges of unequal housework/childcare distribution contribute to tensions and divorce.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various types of marital breakdown, including divorce, separation, and the concept of empty-shell marriages. It also examines the trends in divorce rates globally and factors influencing these patterns. Test your knowledge on this important social issue.

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