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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes a first-class lever from the other types of levers?
What distinguishes a first-class lever from the other types of levers?
- The fulcrum is positioned between the resistance and effort. (correct)
- The resistance is between the fulcrum and effort.
- Effort is applied at one end with resistance at the other end.
- The fulcrum is located at one end of the lever.
Which of the following examples illustrates a second-class lever in the human body?
Which of the following examples illustrates a second-class lever in the human body?
- Bending the elbow while lifting a weight.
- The action of the neck muscles.
- Using tweezers to grasp an object.
- Lifting a wheelbarrow. (correct)
In which type of lever is the effort applied between the fulcrum and the resistance?
In which type of lever is the effort applied between the fulcrum and the resistance?
- First-class lever
- Second-class lever
- Third-class lever (correct)
- None of the above
Which of the following statements about levers in the human body is false?
Which of the following statements about levers in the human body is false?
How do first-class levers function in terms of mechanical advantage compared to third-class levers?
How do first-class levers function in terms of mechanical advantage compared to third-class levers?
What distinguishes a second-class lever from a first-class lever?
What distinguishes a second-class lever from a first-class lever?
Which joint in the body exemplifies a first-class lever?
Which joint in the body exemplifies a first-class lever?
What type of lever is most commonly found in the human body?
What type of lever is most commonly found in the human body?
In a third-class lever, where is the effort applied relative to the fulcrum and resistance?
In a third-class lever, where is the effort applied relative to the fulcrum and resistance?
Which example illustrates a second-class lever in action?
Which example illustrates a second-class lever in action?
In a third-class lever, where is the effort applied relative to the fulcrum and resistance?
In a third-class lever, where is the effort applied relative to the fulcrum and resistance?
Which of the following is an example of a third-class lever in the human body?
Which of the following is an example of a third-class lever in the human body?
What roles do the biceps brachii muscle and forearm play in the elbow joint functioning as a third-class lever?
What roles do the biceps brachii muscle and forearm play in the elbow joint functioning as a third-class lever?
Which of the following accurately describes the order of components in a third-class lever system?
Which of the following accurately describes the order of components in a third-class lever system?
What feature distinguishes third-class levers from first and second-class levers in terms of function?
What feature distinguishes third-class levers from first and second-class levers in terms of function?
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint categorized as?
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint categorized as?
Which structure helps to stabilize the sternoclavicular joint?
Which structure helps to stabilize the sternoclavicular joint?
What movement is NOT possible at the sternoclavicular joint?
What movement is NOT possible at the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the primary risk associated with falling on an outstretched hand in relation to the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the primary risk associated with falling on an outstretched hand in relation to the sternoclavicular joint?
Which ligaments contribute to the stability of the sternoclavicular joint?
Which ligaments contribute to the stability of the sternoclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Which of the following allows for a wide range of movement at the sternoclavicular joint?
Which of the following allows for a wide range of movement at the sternoclavicular joint?
Which anatomical structure partitions the sternoclavicular joint into two separate synovial cavities?
Which anatomical structure partitions the sternoclavicular joint into two separate synovial cavities?
The primary function of the sternoclavicular joint is related to which part of the body?
The primary function of the sternoclavicular joint is related to which part of the body?
What is the primary function of the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint?
What is the primary function of the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint?
Which ligament extends from the sphenoid bone to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus?
Which ligament extends from the sphenoid bone to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus?
In what way does the temporomandibular joint function during chewing?
In what way does the temporomandibular joint function during chewing?
What anatomical feature surrounds the temporomandibular joint, contributing to its extensive range of motion?
What anatomical feature surrounds the temporomandibular joint, contributing to its extensive range of motion?
What are the two separate synovial joints formed in the temporomandibular joint structure?
What are the two separate synovial joints formed in the temporomandibular joint structure?
Which function does the temporomandibular ligament specifically support?
Which function does the temporomandibular ligament specifically support?
What is the role of the articular capsule in the temporomandibular joint?
What is the role of the articular capsule in the temporomandibular joint?
During which movement does the temporomandibular joint glide slightly forward?
During which movement does the temporomandibular joint glide slightly forward?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the temporomandibular joint?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the temporomandibular joint?
What bones are involved in the articulation of the temporomandibular joint?
What bones are involved in the articulation of the temporomandibular joint?
Which of the following structures is crucial for the movement of the temporomandibular joint?
Which of the following structures is crucial for the movement of the temporomandibular joint?
How many synovial joints does the temporomandibular joint consist of?
How many synovial joints does the temporomandibular joint consist of?
What role does the articular disc play in the temporomandibular joint?
What role does the articular disc play in the temporomandibular joint?
Which statement about the temporomandibular joint is TRUE?
Which statement about the temporomandibular joint is TRUE?
What separates the two chambers of the synovial cavity in the temporomandibular joint?
What separates the two chambers of the synovial cavity in the temporomandibular joint?
Which feature contributes to the extensive range of motion at the temporomandibular joint?
Which feature contributes to the extensive range of motion at the temporomandibular joint?
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Study Notes
Types of Levers
- First-class lever has fulcrum in the middle, between the effort and resistance.
- Example: Pair of scissors, muscles in the neck
- Second-class lever has resistance between the fulcrum and effort.
- Example: Wheelbarrow, calf muscles during tiptoe
- Third-class lever has effort between resistance and fulcrum. This is the most common type in the body.
- Example: Forceps, biceps muscle in the arm
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
- Articulation between the head of the mandible and the temporal bone (articular tubercle and mandibular fossa)
- Allows for a wide range of movements
- TMJ is comprised of two synovial joints separated by an articular disc (thick pad of fibrocartilage)
Ligaments Supporting the TMJ
- Sphenomandibular ligament: Thinner band extending from sphenoid to medial surface of the mandibular ramus
- Temporomandibular ligament: Two short bands extending from articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible
Function of the TMJ
- Hinge joint for depression and elevation of mandible during chewing
- Gliding for protraction of mandible during biting
- Gliding side-to-side to grind food during chewing
Sternoclavicular Joint
- Saddle joint formed by the articulation between the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle
- Fibrocartilaginous articular disc divides the joint into two parts and two separate synovial cavities
- Allows for depression, elevation, and circumduction of the clavicle
- Supported by the sternoclavicular and costoclavicular ligaments
Acromioclavicular Joint
- Plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle
- Supported by the acromioclavicular ligament and the strong coracoclavicular ligament
Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint
- Ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
- It's the most mobile joint in the body but also the most unstable
- The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that helps stabilize the joint.
- The glenohumeral joint is strengthened by the rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor).
- The coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, and glenohumeral ligaments provide further support.
Elbow Joint
- Highly stable joint due to the articular capsule, interlocking bony surfaces, and supporting ligaments.
- Supported by the radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament.
- The anular ligament surrounds the neck of the radius and binds it to the ulna, keeping the head of the radius in place.
Hip Joint
- Ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
- More stable than the glenohumeral joint due to the deep socket of the acetabulum, a stronger articular capsule, and a wide range of supporting ligaments.
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