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Questions and Answers
Elytra are hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind ______
Elytra are hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind ______
wings
Hemelytra are front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the ______ and membranous near the tip
Hemelytra are front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the ______ and membranous near the tip
base
Tegmina are front wings that are completely ______ or parchment-like in texture
Tegmina are front wings that are completely ______ or parchment-like in texture
leathery
Halteres are small, club-like hind wings that serve as ______ stabilizers during flight
Halteres are small, club-like hind wings that serve as ______ stabilizers during flight
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Scaly wings are front and hind wings covered with ______ setae (scales)
Scaly wings are front and hind wings covered with ______ setae (scales)
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The 8th to 9th segments of the abdominal segments are composed of the ______
The 8th to 9th segments of the abdominal segments are composed of the ______
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Viviparous means that the egg develops inside the female and comes out as a live ______.
Viviparous means that the egg develops inside the female and comes out as a live ______.
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Polyembryony is a process where two or more ______ develop from a single egg.
Polyembryony is a process where two or more ______ develop from a single egg.
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The insects that undergo ______ metamorphosis have three distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
The insects that undergo ______ metamorphosis have three distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
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Insects have a protective ______ that helps them survive.
Insects have a protective ______ that helps them survive.
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The evolution of ______ is one of the reasons why insects are successful.
The evolution of ______ is one of the reasons why insects are successful.
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Parthenogenetic insects are able to develop from eggs that are not ______.
Parthenogenetic insects are able to develop from eggs that are not ______.
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Collection and destruction of ______ masses, larvae, and moths using light traps
Collection and destruction of ______ masses, larvae, and moths using light traps
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Use ______ varieties; ensuring proper timing of planting and synchronous planting
Use ______ varieties; ensuring proper timing of planting and synchronous planting
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Applying ______ fertilizer in split following the recommended rate
Applying ______ fertilizer in split following the recommended rate
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The ______ and adults feed on the rice, especially during milking or dough stage
The ______ and adults feed on the rice, especially during milking or dough stage
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Manual collection of ______ bugs using net could also be done during early morning and late afternoon
Manual collection of ______ bugs using net could also be done during early morning and late afternoon
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Encourage action of ______ control agents in the field by promoting enhanced vegetation diversity
Encourage action of ______ control agents in the field by promoting enhanced vegetation diversity
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Some larvae are ______ to agricultural crops and forest trees
Some larvae are ______ to agricultural crops and forest trees
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The order Hymenoptera is derived from the word “hymeno” or “hymen” meaning ______
The order Hymenoptera is derived from the word “hymeno” or “hymen” meaning ______
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Crop rotation involves replacing a crop that is susceptible to a serious ______ with another crop that is not susceptible
Crop rotation involves replacing a crop that is susceptible to a serious ______ with another crop that is not susceptible
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Some plants have physical and chemical adaptations that allow them to repel, tolerate, or even kill ______
Some plants have physical and chemical adaptations that allow them to repel, tolerate, or even kill ______
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Trap cropping involves providing a pest insect’s preferred food near the crop to be protected, and then destroying the ______ crop
Trap cropping involves providing a pest insect’s preferred food near the crop to be protected, and then destroying the ______ crop
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Plant breeders attempt to use the characteristics of resistant plants and even improve them to develop crops that are resistant to ______
Plant breeders attempt to use the characteristics of resistant plants and even improve them to develop crops that are resistant to ______
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Aphids are classified under the order ______ and includes species like Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, and Myzus persicae Sulzer.
Aphids are classified under the order ______ and includes species like Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, and Myzus persicae Sulzer.
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The management of EFSB involves ______ control methods, such as thorough land preparation and removal of affected plant parts.
The management of EFSB involves ______ control methods, such as thorough land preparation and removal of affected plant parts.
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The use of ______ traps has been used in other countries for trapping and destroying the adults of the ABACA/BANANA APHID.
The use of ______ traps has been used in other countries for trapping and destroying the adults of the ABACA/BANANA APHID.
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For the virus disease, ______ of infected plants may reduce the source of inoculum for disease spread.
For the virus disease, ______ of infected plants may reduce the source of inoculum for disease spread.
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Biological control agents for the aphids include ______, predators, and entomopathogens.
Biological control agents for the aphids include ______, predators, and entomopathogens.
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Aphids cause direct feeding damage by removing ______ from leaves, pods, seeds, and other aerial plant parts.
Aphids cause direct feeding damage by removing ______ from leaves, pods, seeds, and other aerial plant parts.
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Study Notes
Rice Pest Management
- Recommended management practices for rice pest control:
- Removing and destroying rice stubbles
- Collecting and destroying egg masses, larvae, and moths using light traps
- Irrigation water management to submerge eggs deposited on lower plant parts
- Using resistant varieties and ensuring proper timing of planting and synchronous planting
- Encouraging biological control agents
- Applying nitrogen fertilizer in split applications at recommended rates and timing
- Chemical control, if necessary, when it reaches economic threshold level (ETL)
Rice Bug (Leptocorisa acuta)
- Scientific name: Leptocorisa acuta
- Order: Hemiptera
- Feeding habits:
- Nymphs and adults feed on rice, especially during milking or dough stage
- Resulting in smaller, deformed, and spotty grains
- Recommended management practices:
- Controlling weeds that serve as alternate hosts during non-cropping season
- Ensuring even crop growth by applying fertilizers and water evenly in rice fields
- Manually collecting rice bugs using nets during early morning and late afternoon
- Encouraging biological control agents by promoting enhanced vegetation diversity
Types of Wings
- Elytra: hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind wings (Beetles)
- Hemelytra: front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the base and membranous near the tip (Hemiptera)
- Tegmina: front wings that are completely leathery or parchment-like in texture
- Halteres: small, club-like hind wings that serve as gyroscopic stabilizers during flight
- Fringed wings: slender front and hind wings with long fringes of hair
- Hairy wings: front and hind wings clothed with setae
- Scaly wings: front and hind wings covered with flattened setae (scales) (Lepidoptera)
Types of Wing Coupling
- Amplexiform wing coupling: tiny hooks on the hind wings coastal margin, which engage the forewing on the sclerotized fold along the posterior margin (e.g. Hymenoptera and Trichoptera)
- Frenuluo-retinacular wing coupling: lobelike process at the base of the forewing, which overlaps the hindwing
- Jugal wing coupling: an enlarged lobe-like area near the basal posterior margin
Abdomen
- 10-11 segments, but primitively has 2 segments
- 8th to 9th segments of the abdominal segments are composed of the genitalia
Metamorphosis and Development
- Oviparity development: the egg develops after it has been laid
- Viviparous: the egg develops inside the female and comes out as a live young
- Polyembryony: two or more embryos develop from a single egg
- Parthenogenetic: the eggs can grow without being fertilized; eggs develop into an immature stage
- Metamorphosis: the change in the structure and form of insects as they develop
- Ametabolous: no external changes between molts (e.g. collembolans and silverfish)
- Hemimetabolous: incomplete changes; stages include egg, naiad, and adult
- Paurometabolous: immatures (nymphs) are strikingly similar to the adults
- Holometabolous: also called complete metamorphosis due to the presence of the three distinct stages: the egg, larva, pupa, and adult
Insects as the Dominant Terrestrial Animal Life on Earth
- Reasons for insects' success:
- Small size
- Protective cuticle (exoskeleton)
- Efficient nervous system
- Evolution of flight
- High reproductive rate
Order Hymenoptera
- Derived from “hymeno” or “hymen” – membrane
- Characteristics:
- 4 membranous wings (bigger forewings than hindwings)
- Economic importance:
- Some species are regarded as pests (sawflies, gall wasps, and some ants)
- Most members are extremely beneficial either as natural enemies of insect pests or as pollinators of flowering plants
Cultural Control
- Crop rotation: replacing a crop that is susceptible to a serious pest with another crop that is not susceptible, on a rotating basis
- Sanitation: keeping the area clean of plants or materials that may harbor pests
- Trap cropping: providing a pest insect's preferred food near the crop to be protected, which is then destroyed
Host Resistance
- Plants have physical and chemical adaptations that allow them to repel, tolerate, or even kill pests
- Plant breeders use these characteristics to develop crops that are resistant
Abaca/Banana Aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa)
- Order: Homoptera
- Recommended management practices:
- Biological control agents for the aphids (parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens)
- Roguing or removal of infected plants to reduce disease spread
Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB) (Leuconoides orbonalis)
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Recommended management practices:
- Cultural control: thorough land preparation, removal, burning, and burying of affected plant parts, and crop rotation
- Mechanical control: using yellow sticky traps, light trapping, and pheromone traps
- Biological agents: releasing Trichogramma chilonis
- Botanical extracts: using wood vinegar and neem extract
- Need-based synthetic pesticides: applying when necessary
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Description
Identify and learn about the different types of wings found in insects, including Elytra, Hemelytra, Tegmina, Halteres, and more. From beetles to hemiptera, test your knowledge of insect anatomy. Discover the unique characteristics of each type of wing and how they adapt to flight.
