Types of Hemorrhage and Management

Acute haemorrhage involves a rapid loss of blood and can lead to hypovolaemic shock, while chronic haemorrhage occurs over a prolonged period and may cause anaemia.

Two common causes of surgical haemorrhage are surgical trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding.

The physiological response involves prioritizing blood flow to vital organs like the heart and brain while reducing perfusion to less critical areas.

<p>Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the injured area, helping to minimize blood loss after an injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary haemorrhage occurs immediately after an injury or surgery, while secondary haemorrhage occurs later, due to complications such as infection or inadequate clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Untreated chronic haemorrhage can lead to severe anaemia and potentially life-threatening conditions due to prolonged blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial, venous, and capillary haemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of injury or during an operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic peptic ulcers cause ongoing bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, leading to gradual blood loss and anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulation abnormalities prevent the clotting of blood, resulting in continuous bleeding that cannot be controlled surgically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary haemorrhage occurs 7-14 days after trauma or surgery due to sloughing of the vessel wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactionary haemorrhage occurs within the first 24 hours after trauma or surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revealed haemorrhage is visible externally, while concealed haemorrhage occurs internally and is not immediately detectable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications can include significant blood loss and potentially fatal outcomes if a major vessel is involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital defects and acquired haemostatic defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous haemorrhage is characterized by dark red blood that flows steadily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary haemorrhage occurs immediately after an injury, while secondary haemorrhage occurs after a period of time, often due to infection or other complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute haemorrhage is classified into four classes: Class 1 (&lt;15%), Class 2 (15-30%), Class 3 (30-40%), and Class 4 (&gt;40%) of blood volume lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia develops with significant blood loss, indicating compensatory mechanisms are activating, often seen when blood loss exceeds 30% of total volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothermia can lead to coagulopathy, making bleeding worse and complicating management, especially if cold intravenous fluids are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A slow capillary refill time indicates poor peripheral perfusion, suggesting significant blood loss and potential shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of injury can indicate potential blood loss severity; more severe injuries typically lead to greater blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oliguria is the reduction of urine output, indicating diminished renal perfusion, often a result of significant blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During mild blood loss (&lt;500 ml), compensatory mechanisms, such as increased heart rate, help maintain stable blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers