18 Questions
Which type of variable is used to classify elements according to some attributes or categories?
Categorical or Qualitative Variable
Which type of measurement scale ranks individuals in terms of the degree to which they possess characteristics of interest?
Ordinal Scale
Which branch of statistics deals with the collection and presentation of data and the calculation of summarizing values to describe its group characteristics?
Descriptive Statistics
Which type of variable has values obtained by measuring?
Continuous Variable
Which branch of statistics deals with predictions and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician?
Inferential Statistics
Which measurement scale establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that an equal distance between two scores is of equal magnitude, but has no absolute zero?
Interval Scale
Which type of graph is considered the simplest form of graphic presentation?
Bar graph or bar chart
What is the purpose of a bar graph or bar chart?
To easily convey quantitative values and make comparisons
Which of the following statements about bar graphs or bar charts is true?
They may appear in either vertical or horizontal forms
How do bar graphs or bar charts differ from other graphical methods?
They provide a simple and easy-to-understand visual representation of data
Which sampling method is described as using a researcher's expertise to select a sample most useful to the research?
Purposive Sampling
What is the definition of sampling bias?
When some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others
What is the main purpose of a histogram?
To graphically represent data grouped into continuous number ranges
Which of the following is NOT a type of line graph?
Pie Chart
How is a frequency polygon different from a histogram?
A frequency polygon uses a line graph to represent quantitative data, while a histogram uses vertical bars.
What is the main purpose of an ogive or cumulative frequency polygon?
To show the cumulative frequencies of a set of data
Which measure of central tendency is the most popular?
Mean
What is the purpose of a pie chart or circle graph?
To display data in a circular manner that is divided into sectors representing different parts of the whole
Study Notes
Branches of Statistics
- Descriptive Statistics: deals with the collection and presentation of data and summarizing values to describe group characteristics.
- Inferential Statistics: deals with predictions and inferences based on analysis and interpretation of results.
Variables
- A numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being studied.
- Types of Variables:
- Categorical or Qualitative Variables: classified according to attributes or categories.
- Numerical-valued or Quantitative Variables: classified according to numerical characteristics.
- Discrete Variable: value obtained by counting.
- Continuous Variable: value obtained by measuring.
Scales of Measurement
- Nominal Scale: classifies elements into categories or classes, but no order or magnitude.
- Ordinal Scale: ranks individuals based on characteristics of interest.
- Interval Scale: orders scores from high to low, with a uniform unit of measurement, but no absolute zero.
Sampling Methods
- Purposive Sampling: researcher selects a sample based on expertise.
- Snowball Sampling: recruits participants via other participants.
- Quota Sampling: commonly used in opinion polls.
- Multi-Stage Sampling: draws a sample from a population using smaller groups at each stage.
- Sampling bias: occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected.
Frequency Distribution Table
- A device for organizing and representing grouped data.
- Class Mark: midpoint of a class interval.
- Class Boundary: exact limit of a class interval.
Data Presentation Methods
- Correlated Data: shows two or more frequencies for easy comparison.
- Time Series Data: shows change of a variable over a period of time.
- Textual Method: combines text and figures in a statistical report.
- Semi-Tabular Method: presents data in summary form.
- Tabular Method: presents data in rows and columns.
- Graphical Method: presents data in a visual form.
Graphical Methods
- Bar Graph or Bar Chart: simplest form of graphic presentation, can be vertical or horizontal.
- Histogram: graphical representation of data grouped into continuous number ranges.
- Line Graph: shows information that changes over time, including:
- Simple Line Graph
- Multiple Line Graph
- Compound Line Graph
- Circle Graph or Pie Chart: type of graph that records data in a circular manner.
- Pictograph or Pictogram: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols.
- Frequency Polygon: visually substantial method of representing quantitative data and its frequencies.
- Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive: shows cumulative frequencies.
Measures of Central Tendency
- Gives a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value.
- Types of Measures of Central Tendency:
- Mean: most popular measure of center.
- Median: midpoint of an array of numbers or observations.
Test your knowledge on different types of graphs including Histogram, Line Graph, and Circle Graph (Pie Chart). Explore how each type of graph is used to represent data in a clear and visual manner.
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