Types of Fruits and Formation

Fertilization and subsequent division of the zygote into an embryo, while the ovule develops into a seed.

Cotyledons, radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and plumule.

Fruits are classified as simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits.

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction without fertilization, leading to genetically identical offspring.

Self-propagation involves new plant growth from vegetative parts of the parent plant, producing genetically identical offspring.

Sepals; help to protect the bud.

To attract pollinators.

Contains male reproductive structures.

Female reproductive structures.

Contains ovules that develop into seeds.

Contains pollen grains (microgametophytes).

Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant, while dioecious plants have male and female flowers on separate plants.

Accessory fruits are formed from a part of the plant other than the ovary, like apples and pears. Multiple fruits result from fused ovaries of nearby flowers, like pineapples and mulberries.

Drupes are simple fruits where the endocarp forms a hard enclosure surrounding the seed, like mangos and olives.

Pomes are accessory fruits formed by a united group of carpels, like apples and pears. Hesperidiums are a special type of berry with a leathery rind and segmented interior, like most citrus varieties.

Double fertilization in angiosperms produces both the embryo and endosperm. The ovary tissues then develop into the fruit.

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization. Examples include strawberries.

Apomixis involves seed production without fertilization, while self-propagation occurs through mechanisms like stolons, tubers, and buds.

Stems like corms, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers enable asexual reproduction in plants. For example, ginger forms rhizomes that give rise to new plants.

Plant life spans vary from a few weeks to thousands of years. Some plants are monocarpic and flower only once, while others are polycarpic and flower many times.

Microsporogenesis involves the meiosis of microsporocytes in the anther to produce a pollen tetrad of microspores.

In female gamete production, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis in the ovule to produce 4 megaspores, with the large megaspore surviving and dividing to form an 8-nucleate, 7-celled gametophyte.

Plant fertilization involves the mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, followed by the growth of a pollen tube guided by pheromones into the embryo sac.

Pollen tube formation is crucial as it allows the sperm cells to reach the egg and central cell in the embryo sac for fertilization.

The endosperm is formed from the fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac post-fertilization.

Dicots have two cotyledons, while monocots have one cotyledon.

Fruits have thickened walls that protect the seeds and aid in their dispersal away from the parent plant.

Fruits can be classified as simple, aggregate, or multiple fruits based on whether they derive from a single ovary, many fused carpels, or a group of flowers, respectively.

Perfect flowers contain both male and female parts, while imperfect flowers can be staminate (only male unit present) or carpellate (only female unit present).

A complete flower has all four floral whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels).

Female gamete production in angiosperms involves meiosis of the megasporocyte to produce a large megaspore, which then divides to form an 8-nucleate, 7-celled gametophyte (embryo sac).

Angiosperms have gametophytes in flowers, while gymnosperms have gametophytes on separate cones. Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms, while gymnosperms have single fertilization.

Fertilization in plants involves the mechanical transfer of pollen to the stigma, followed by the growth of a pollen tube to deliver sperm cells to the embryo sac.

Cross-pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant. Mechanisms include self-pollination, insect pollination, bat pollination, bird pollination, wind pollination, and water pollination.

Seed development involves fertilization, leading to the formation of an embryo from the zygote, seed coat from the ovule, and endosperm from fusion of a sperm cell with polar nuclei.

Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant, while dioecious plants have male and female flowers on separate plants.

The hypocotyl is the stem below the cotyledons in a seed embryo, responsible for connecting the cotyledons to the radicle and supporting early growth.

Aggregate fruits form from multiple ovaries of a single flower, while multiple fruits develop from the ovaries of multiple flowers growing in a cluster.

Accessory fruits include tissues other than the ovary and examples include berries, drupes, and pomes.

Apomixis results in genetically identical offspring without fertilization, while self-propagation leads to genetically identical offspring through vegetative growth.

Annuals complete their life cycle in one year, while perennials can live for more than two years. Examples of annuals include marigolds, while examples of perennials are oak trees.

Monocarpic plants flower once in their lifetime, set seeds, and then die. Examples include agave and some bamboo species.

Polycarpic plants can flower and set seeds multiple times over their lifespan. Most perennial plants fall into this category.

Seed dispersal is crucial for the survival and expansion of plant populations as it allows seeds to reach new areas for growth and reduces competition among offspring.